§1111.
11.
Ῥήγνυται δὲ τὸ ὀστέον τάς τε ἀφανέας ῥωγμὰς καὶ τὰς φανερὰς, καὶ φλᾶται τὰς ἀφανέας φλάσιας, καὶ ἐσφλᾶται ἔσω ἐκ τῆς φύσιος τῆς ἑωυτέου, μάλιστα ὅταν ἕτερος ὑφ᾿ ἑτέρου τιτρωσκόμενος ἐπίτηδες τρωθῇ, ἢ ὁκόταν, ἐπίτηδες τρῶσαι βουλόμενος ἢ ἀέκων, ἐξ ὑψηλοτέρου γίγνηται ἡ βολὴ ἢ ἡ πληγὴ, ὁκοτέρη ἂν ᾖ μᾶλλον, ἢ ὅταν ἐξ ἰσοπέδου τοῦ χωρίου, καὶ ἢν περικρατέῃ τῇ χειρὶ τὸ βέλος, ἤν τε βάλλῃ, ἤν τε τύπτῃ, καὶ ἰσχυρότερος ἐὼν ἀσθενέστερον τιτρώσκῃ.
The bone is fractured with both invisible and visible cracks, and bruised with invisible bruises, and depressed inwards from its natural position, especially when one person being wounded by another is wounded on purpose, or when, whether wishing to wound on purpose or against his will, the throw or the blow (whichever of the two it may rather be) comes from a higher place, or when it is from a level place, provided he holds the missile firmly in his hand, whether he throws or strikes with it, and being the stronger he wounds the weaker.
Ὅσοι δὲ πίπτοντες τιτρώσκονται πρός τε τὸ ὀστέον καὶ αὐτὸ τὸ ὀστέον, ὁ ἀπὸ ὑψηλοτάτου πίπτων καὶ ἐπὶ σκληρότατον καὶ ἀμβλύτατον, τουτέῳ κίνδυνος τὸ ὀστέον ῥαγῆναι καὶ φλασθῆναι, καὶ ἔσω ἐσφλασθῆναι ἐκ τῆς φύσιος τῆς ἑωυτέου· τῷ δ᾿ ἐξ ἰσοπέδου μᾶλλον χωρίου πίπτοντι καὶ ἐπὶ μαλθακώτερον, ἧσσον ταῦτα πάσχει τὸ ὀστέον, ἢ οὐκ ἂν πάθοι.
Of those who are wounded to the bone and in the bone itself by falling, he who falls from the highest place and onto the hardest and flattest object is in danger of having the bone fractured, bruised, and depressed inwards from its natural position; whereas he who falls from a more level place and onto a softer object, his bone suffers these things less, or would not suffer them at all.
Ὅσα δὲ ἐσπίπτοντα ἐς τὴν κεφαλὴν βέλεα τιτρώσκει πρὸς τὸ ὀστέον καὶ αὐτὸ τὸ ὀστέον, τὸ ἀπὸ ὑψηλοτάτου ἐμπεσὸν καὶ ἥκιστα ἐξ ἰσοπέδου, καὶ σκληρότατόν τε ἅμα καὶ ἀμβλύτατον καὶ βαρύτατον, καὶ ἥκιστα κοῦφον καὶ ἥκιστα ὀξὺ καὶ μαλθακὸν, τοῦτο ἂν ῥήξειε τὸ ὀστέον καὶ φλάσειεν.
Of the missiles which, falling upon the head, wound to the bone and the bone itself, that which falls from the highest place and least from a level place, and is at the same time hardest, flattest, heaviest, and least light, least sharp and soft, would fracture and bruise the bone.
Καὶ μάλιστά γε ταῦτα πάσχειν τὸ ὀστέον κίνδυνος, ὅταν ταῦτά τε γίνηται, καὶ ἐς ἰθὺ τρωθῇ, καὶ κατ᾿ ἀντίον γένηται τὸ ὀστέον τοῦ βέλεος, ἤν τε πληγῇ ἐκ χειρὸς, ἤν τε βληθῇ, ἤν τέ τι ἐμπέσῃ αὐτέῳ, καὶ ἢν αὐτὸς καταπεσὼν τρωθῇ, καὶ ὁκωσοῦν τρωθεὶς κατ᾿ ἀντίον γενομένου τοῦ ὀστέου τῷ βέλει.
And the bone is in danger of suffering these things most of all when these circumstances occur, and it is wounded perpendicularly, and the bone is directly opposite to the missile, whether it is struck by hand, or thrown, or if something falls upon it, or if he himself is wounded by falling down, and in whatever way he is wounded, provided the bone is directly opposite to the missile.
Τὰ δ᾿ ἐς πλάγιον τοῦ ὀστέου παρασύραντα βέλεα ἧσσον καὶ ῥήγνυσι τὸ ὀστέον, καὶ φλᾷ, καὶ ἔσω ἐσφλᾷ, κἢν ψιλωθῇ τὸ ὀστέον τῆς σαρκός· ἔνια γὰρ τῶν τρωμάτων τῶν οὕτω τρωθέντων οὐδὲ ψιλοῦται τὸ ὀστέον τῆς σαρκός.
But missiles which graze obliquely along the bone fracture, bruise, and depress the bone inwards less, even if the bone is bared of flesh; for in some of the wounds thus inflicted, the bone is not even bared of flesh.
Τῶν δὲ βελέων ῥήγνυσι μάλιστα τὸ ὀστέον τάς τε φανερὰς ῥωγμὰς καὶ τὰς ἀφανέας, καὶ φλᾶται καὶ ἐσφλᾷ ἔσω ἐκ τῆς φύσιος τῆς ἑωυτέου τὸ ὀστέον, τὰ στρογγύλα τε καὶ περιφερέα, καὶ ἀρτίστομα, ἀμβλέα τε ἐόντα καὶ βαρέα καὶ σκληρά·
Of missiles, those which most of all fracture the bone with both visible and invisible cracks, and bruise and depress the bone inwards from its natural position, are those which are round, circular, and blunt-ended, being at the same time blunt, heavy, and hard; these also bruise, contuse, and batter the flesh.
καὶ τὴν σάρκα ταῦτα φλᾶται, καὶ πέπειρον ποιέει, καὶ κόπτει· καὶ τὰ ἕλκεα γίνεται ὑπὸ τῶν τοιουτέων βελέων, ἔς τε πλάγιον καὶ ἐν κύκλῳ, ὑπόκοιλα, καὶ διάπυά τε μᾶλλον γίγνεται, καὶ ὑγρά ἐστι, καὶ ἐπὶ πλέονα χρόνον καθαίρεται· ἀνάγκη γὰρ τὰς σάρκας τὰς φλασθείσας καὶ κοπείσας πῦον γενομένας ἐκτακῆναι.
And the wounds produced by such missiles are oblique and circular, hollowed underneath, and they become more purulent, are moist, and require a longer time to become clean; for the bruised and battered flesh must of necessity melt away by becoming pus.
Τὰ δὲ βέλεα τὰ προμήκεα, ἐπιπολὺ λεπτὰ ἐόντα καὶ ὀξέα καὶ κοῦφα, τήν τε σάρκα διατάμνει μᾶλλον ἢ φλᾷ, καὶ τὸ ὀστέον ὡσαύτως· καὶ ἕδρην μὲν ἐμποιέει αὐτὸ καὶ διακόψαν (διακοπὴ γὰρ καὶ ἕδρη τωὐτόν ἐστι), φλᾷ δὲ οὐ μάλα τὸ ὀστέον τὰ τοιαῦτα βέλεα, οὐδὲ ῥήγνυσιν, οὐδ᾿ ἐκ τῆς φύσιος ἔσω ἐσφλᾷ.
But missiles which are elongated, extremely thin, sharp, and light, cut the flesh rather than bruise it, and the bone likewise; and they make an indentation in it by cutting through it (for a cleft and an indentation are the same), but such missiles do not much bruise the bone, nor fracture it, nor depress it inwards from its natural position.
Ἀλλὰ χρὴ πρὸς τῇ ὄψει τῇ ἑωυτέου, ὅ τι ἄν σοι φαίνηται ἐν τῷ ὀστέῳ, καὶ ἐρώτησιν ποιέεσθαι πάντων τουτέων (τοῦ γὰρ μᾶλλόν τε καὶ ἧσσον τρωθέντος ταῦτ᾿ ἐστὶ σημήϊα), καὶ ἢν ὁ τρωθεὶς καρωθῇ, καὶ σκότος περιχυθῇ, καὶ δῖνος ἔχῃ, καὶ πέσῃ.
But one must, in addition to one's own observation of whatever appears to you in the bone, also make inquiry about all these matters (for these are signs of the wound being more or less severe), and whether the wounded person was stunned, and darkness was poured around him, and giddiness seized him, and he fell.