Humanitext Reader

Marcus Aurelius · Meditations §8.57.1

Metaphor of Sunlight and the Steady Extension of Reason

Passage 328 of 486 · Greek

Summary

The author uses the physical phenomenon of sunlight, which stops and illuminates upon hitting an obstacle without falling, as a metaphor for how the mind's activity should extend and illuminate its objects without being violently diverted or discouraged by obstacles.

§8.57.1Ὁ ἥλιος κατακεχύσθαι δοκεῖ καὶ πάντῃ γε κέχυται, οὐ μὴν ἐκκέχυται.
The sun seems to be poured down, and indeed is poured in every direction, yet it is not poured out to exhaustion.
ἡ γὰρ χύσις αὕτη τάσις ἐστίν· ἀκτῖνες γοῦν αἱ αὐγαὶ αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐκτείνεσθαι λέγονται.
For this pouring is extension; at all events, its rays are called rays from the word meaning 'to be extended'.
ὁποῖον δέ τι ἐστὶν ἀκτίς, ἴδοις ἄν, εἰ διά τινος στενοῦ εἰς ἐσκιασμένον οἶκον τὸ ἀφ’ ἡλίου φῶς εἰσδυόμενον θεάσαιο· τείνεται γὰρ κατ’ εὐθὺ καὶ ὥσπερ διερείδεται πρὸς τὸ στερέμνιον ὅ τι ἂν ἀπαντήσῃ διεῖργον τὸν ἐπέκεινα ἀέρα, ἐνταῦθα δὲ ἔστη καὶ οὐ κατώλισθεν οὐδὲ ἔπεσε.
And what kind of thing a ray is, you may see, if you observe the light of the sun entering through some narrow opening into a shaded room; for it is extended in a straight line, and as it were supports itself against any solid body which meets it and cuts off the air beyond; and there it stands and does not slip off or fall.
τοιαύτην οὖν τὴν χύσιν καὶ διάχυσιν τῆς διανοίας εἶναι χρή, μηδαμῶς ἔκχυσιν, ἀλλὰ τάσιν, καὶ πρὸς τὰ ἀπαντῶντα κωλύματα μὴ βίαιον μηδὲ ῥαγδαίαν τὴν ἐπέρεισιν ποιεῖσθαι μηδὲ μὴν καταπίπτειν, ἀλλὰ ἵστασθαι καὶ ἐπιλάμπειν τὸ δεχόμενον· αὐτὸ γὰρ ἑαυτὸ στερήσει τῆς αὐγῆς τὸ μὴ παραπέμπον αὐτήν.
Such then should be the pouring and diffusion of the mind, by no means an effusion, but an extension; and it should not make its pressure violent or impetuous against the obstacles which meet it, nor yet fall down, but stand and illuminate that which receives it; for that which does not transmit it will deprive itself of the light.

Notes

  1. §8.57.1ἀκτῖνες γοῦν αἱ αὐγαὶ αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐκτείνεσθαι λέγονται — A popular ancient etymology based on the phonetic similarity between the noun ἀκτίς (ray) and ἐκτείνεσθαι (to be extended), the passive of the verb ἐκτείνω. It is introduced to support the Stoic physical concept of the tension (τάσις) of light.
  2. §8.57.1διεῖργον τὸν ἐπέκεινα ἀέρα — The present participle διεῖργον (neuter singular) modifies the preceding relative clause ὅ τι ἂν ἀπαντήσῃ (or its antecedent τὸ στερέμνιον), describing the solid body as 'blocking off the air beyond' so that the light cannot pass through.
  3. §8.57.1μὴ βίαιον μηδὲ ῥαγδαίαν τὴν ἐπέρεισιν ποιεῖσθαι — The periphrastic expression τὴν ἐπέρεισιν ποιεῖσθαι is equivalent to the verb ἐπερείδεσθαι (to press against). The adjectives βίαιον and ῥαγδαίαν are used predicatively with the accusative noun τὴν ἐπέρεισιν, meaning 'not to make its pressing violent or impetuous'.

Cite this passage

Marcus Aurelius, Meditations §8.57.1. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0562.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:8.57.1

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