Humanitext Reader

Marcus Aurelius · Meditations §4.48.1-4.48.2

The Fleeting Nature of Life and Demise of Cities

Passage 98 of 486 · Greek

Summary

The author lists how historical figures, from doctors to tyrants, and even entire cities, have perished, emphasizing the fleeting nature of human life and the importance of departing peacefully in accordance with nature.

§4.48.1Ἐννοεῖν συνεχῶς πόσοι μὲν ἰατροὶ ἀποτεθνήκασι, πολλάκις τὰς ὀφρῦς ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀρρώστων συσπάσαντες· πόσοι δὲ μαθηματικοί, ἄλλων θανάτους ὥς τι μέγα προειπόντες· πόσοι δὲ φιλόσοφοι, περὶ θανάτου ἢ ἀθανασίας μυρία διατεινάμενοι· πόσοι δὲ ἀριστεῖς, πολλοὺς ἀποκτείναντες· πόσοι δὲ τύραννοι, ἐξουσίᾳ ψυχῶν μετὰ δεινοῦ φρυάγματος ὡς ἀθάνατοι κεχρημένοι· πόσαι δὲ πόλεις ὅλαι, ἵν’ οὕτως εἴπω, τεθνήκασιν, Ἑλίκη καὶ Πομπήιοι καὶ Ἡρκλᾶνον καὶ ἄλλαι ἀναρίθμητοι.
Constantly reflect on how many physicians have died, after having often knitted their brows over their patients; how many astrologers, after predicting the deaths of others as if they were a great matter; how many philosophers, after endless disputes about death or immortality; how many warriors, after slaying many; how many tyrants, after exercising power over lives with terrible arrogance as if they were immortal; and how many entire cities have died, so to speak, Helike, Pompeii, Herculaneum, and countless others.
§4.48.2ἔπιθι δὲ καὶ ὅσους οἶδας, ἄλλον ἐπ’ ἄλλῳ· ὁ μὲν τοῦτον κηδεύσας εἶτα ἐξετάθη, ὁ δὲ ἐκεῖνον, πάντα δὲ ἐν βραχεῖ.
Go over also all those whom you know, one after another: one followed another's funeral and then was himself laid out, another followed someone else, and all this in a short time.
τὸ γὰρ ὅλον, κατιδεῖν ἀεὶ τὰ ἀνθρώπινα ὡς ἐφήμερα καὶ εὐτελῆ καὶ ἐχθὲς μὲν μυξάριον, αὔριον δὲ τάριχος ἢ τέφρα.
For the whole of human life is this: to see human affairs always as ephemeral and worthless—yesterday a drop of semen, tomorrow a mummy or ashes.
τὸ ἀκαριαῖον οὖν τοῦτο τοῦ χρόνου κατὰ φύσιν διελθεῖν καὶ ἵλεων καταλῦσαι, ὡς ἂν εἰ ἐλαία πέπειρος γενομένη ἔπιπτεν, εὐφημοῦσα τὴν ἐνεγκοῦσαν καὶ χάριν εἰδυῖα τῷ φύσαντι δένδρῳ.
Therefore, pass through this tiny span of time in accordance with nature, and end your journey content, just as a ripe olive falls, praising the earth that bore it and giving thanks to the tree that produced it.

Notes

  1. §4.48.1Ἐννοεῖν — Infinitive of command. In this section and the next (§4.48.2), several infinitives (κατιδεῖν, διελθεῖν, καταλῦσαι) are used with the force of an imperative.
  2. §4.48.1μαθηματικοί — Literally 'mathematicians', but in the Roman imperial context, it refers to 'astrologers' who predicted people's fates and deaths through celestial movements, as confirmed by the immediate context of predicting deaths.
  3. §4.48.2ἐξετάθη — Third-person singular aorist indicative passive of ἐκτείνω (to stretch out). Here it is used in the specific funerary sense of a corpse being 'laid out' for burial.
  4. §4.48.2τὴν ἐνεγκοῦσαν — The feminine singular aorist active participle of φέρω (to bear). It refers to the 'one that bore' the olive, modifying an implied feminine noun (γῆ, 'the earth' or 'the branch'), in contrast to the 'tree' (δένδρῳ) mentioned in the following clause.

Cite this passage

Marcus Aurelius, Meditations §4.48.1-4.48.2. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0562.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:4.48.1-4.48.2

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