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Marcus Aurelius · Meditations §1.16.1-1.16.10

Antoninus: Gentleness and Practical Governance

Passage 16 of 486 · Greek

Summary

Marcus Aurelius recalls his adoptive father Antoninus Pius's extremely gentle, practical, and unpretentious governance, alongside his simple and disciplined personal life.

§1.16.1Παρὰ τοῦ πατρὸς τὸ ἥμερον καὶ μενετικὸν ἀσαλεύτως ἐπὶ τῶν ἐξητασμένως κριθέντων· καὶ τὸ ἀκενόδοξον περὶ τὰς δοκούσας τιμάς· καὶ τὸ φιλόπονον καὶ ἐνδελεχές· καὶ τὸ ἀκουστικὸν τῶν ἐχόντων τι κοινωφελὲς εἰσφέρειν· καὶ τὸ ἀπαρατρέπτως τοῦ κατ’ ἀξίαν ἀπονεμητικὸν ἑκάστῳ· καὶ τὸ ἔμπειρον ποῦ μὲν χρεία ἐντάσεως, ποῦ δὲ ἀνέσεως· §1.16.2καὶ τὸ παῦσαι τὰ περὶ τοὺς ἔρωτας τῶν· μειρακίων· καὶ ἡ κοινονοημοσύνη καὶ τὸ ἐφεῖσθαι τοῖς φίλοις μήτε συνδειπνεῖν αὐτῷ πάντως μήτε συναποδημεῖν ἐπάναγκες, ἀεὶ δὲ ὅμοιον αὐτὸν καταλαμβάνεσθαι ὑπὸ τῶν διὰ χρείας τινὰς ἀπολειφθέντων· καὶ τὸ ζητητικὸν ἀκριβῶς ἐν τοῖς συμβουλίοις καὶ ἐπίμονον, ἀλλ’ οὐ τὸ προαπέστη τῆς ἐρεύνης, ἀρκεσθεὶς ταῖς προχείροις φαντασίαις· καὶ τὸ διατηρητικὸν τῶν φίλων καὶ μηδαμοῦ ἁψίκορον μηδὲ ἐπιμανές· καὶ τὸ αὔταρκες ἐν παντὶ καὶ τὸ φαιδρόν· §1.16.3καὶ τὸ πόρρωθεν προνοητικὸν καὶ τῶν ἐλαχίστων προδιοικητικὸν ἀτραγῴδως· καὶ τὸ τὰς ἐπιβοήσεις καὶ πᾶσαν κολακείαν ἐπ’ αὐτοῦ συσταλῆναν καὶ τὸ φυλακτικὸν ἀεὶ τῶν ἀναγκαίων τῇ ἀρχῇ καὶ ταμιευτικὸν τῆς χορηγίας καὶ ὑπομενετικὸν τῆς ἐπὶ τῶν τοιούτων τινῶν καταιτιάσεως· καὶ τὸ μήτε περὶ θεοὺς δεισίδαιμον μήτε περὶ ἀνθρώπους δημοκοπικὸν ἢ ἀρεσκευτικὸν ἢ ὀχλοχαρές, ἀλλὰ νῆφον ἐν πᾶσι καὶ βέβαιον καὶ μηδαμοῦ ἀπειρόκαλον μηδὲ καινοτόμον· §1.16.4καὶ τὸ τοῖς εἰς εὐμάρειαν βίου φέρουσί τι, ὧν ἡ τύχη παρεῖχε δαψίλειαν, χρηστικὸν ἀτύφως ἅμα καὶ ἀπροφασίστως, ὥστε παρόντων μὲν ἀνεπιτηδεύτως ἅπτεσθαι, ἀπόντων δὲ μὴ δεῖσθαι· καὶ τὸ μηδὲ ἄν τινα εἰπεῖν μήτε ὅτι σοφιστὴς μήτε ὅτι οὐερνάκλος μήτε ὅτι σχολαστικός, ἀλλ’ ὅτι ἀνὴρ πέπειρος, τέλειος, ἀκολάκευτος, προεστάναι δυνάμενος καὶ τῶν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἄλλων.
From my father, gentleness, and unwavering adherence to decisions made after careful consideration; and freedom from vanity regarding seeming honors; and love of work and perseverance; and readiness to listen to those who had anything to propose for the common good; and the unwavering distribution to each according to their worth; and experience of where to tighten the reins and where to relax them; and putting an end to the love of boys; and consideration for others, and allowing his friends neither to be under any necessity to dine with him, nor to travel with him of necessity, but that he was always found the same by those who had been left behind for some necessary business; and his habit of searching out accurately in council, and persisting, but not that he shrank from the search, being satisfied with first impressions; and his habit of keeping his friends, and being neither quickly sated with them nor madly fond; and his self-sufficiency in everything, and cheerfulness; and his foresight from afar, and ordering even the smallest matters without any tragic drama; and the immediate suppression of acclamations and all flattery directed at him; and his constant watchfulness over the needs of the empire, and his stewardship of the treasury, and his endurance of the blame he received for such things; and that he was neither superstitious towards the gods nor a demagogue towards men, nor a seeker of popularity, nor a crowd-pleaser, but sober in all things, steadfast, and never showing lack of taste or love of novelty; and his use of those things which contribute to the convenience of life, of which fortune gave him abundance, without pride and at the same time without excuse, so that when they were present, he enjoyed them without affectation, and when they were absent, he did not feel the need of them; and that no one could ever say of him that he was either a sophist, or a home-born slave, or a pedant, but that he was a mature, complete man, free from flattery, and able to preside over both his own affairs and those of others.
§1.16.5πρὸς τούτοις δὲ καὶ τὸ τιμητικὸν τῶν ἀληθῶς φιλοσοφούντων, τοῖς δὲ ἄλλοις οὐκ ἐξονειδιστικὸν οὐδὲ μὴν εὐπαράγωγον ὑπ’ αὐτῶν· ἔτι δὲ τὸ εὐόμιλον καὶ εὔχαρι οὐ κατακόρως· καὶ τὸ τοῦ ἰδίου σώματος ἐπιμελητικὸν ἐμμέτρως, οὔτε ὡς ἄν τις φιλόζωος οὔτε πρὸς καλλωπισμὸν οὔτε μὴν ὀλιγώρως, ἀλλ’ ὥστε διὰ τὴν ἰδίαν προσοχὴν εἰς ὀλίγιστα ἰατρικῆς χρῄζειν ἢ φαρμάκων καὶ ἐπιθεμάτων ἐκτός· §1.16.6μάλιστα δὲ τὸ παραχωρητικὸν ἀβασκάνως τοῖς δύναμίν τινα κεκτημένοις, οἷον τὴν φραστικὴν ἢ τὴν ἐξ ἱστορίας νόμων ἢ ἐθῶν ἢ ἄλλων τινῶν πραγμάτων, καὶ συσπουδαστικὸν αὐτοῖς, ἵνα ἕκαστοι κατὰ τὰ ἴδια προτερήματα εὐδοκιμῶσι· πάντα δὲ κατὰ τὰ πάτρια πράσσων, οὐδὲ αὐτὸ τοῦτο ἐπιτηδεύων φαίνεσθαι, τὸ τὰ πάτρια φυλάσσειν.
Furthermore, his respect for those who truly philosophized, and not reproaching the others, nor yet being easily led by them; and also his sociability and graciousness, but not to excess; and his moderate care of his own body, not like one who is too fond of life, nor for outward show, nor yet with neglect, but so that through his own attention he very rarely needed medicine or external applications; and above all, his readiness to yield without envy to those who possessed any ability, such as eloquence or knowledge of laws or customs or any other matters, and his cooperating with them so that each might gain reputation according to their own special advantages; and doing everything according to ancestral customs, yet without even making a show of this, that he was keeping ancestral customs.
§1.16.7ἔτι δὲ τὸ μὴ εὐμετακίνητον καὶ ῥιπταστικόν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τόποις καὶ πράγμασι τοῖς αὐτοῖς ἐνδιατριπτικόν· καὶ τὸ μετὰ τοὺς παροξυσμοὺς τῆς κεφαλαλγίας νεαρὸν εὐθὺς καὶ ἀκμαῖον πρὸς τὰ συνήθη ἔργα· καὶ τὸ μὴ εἶναι αὐτῷ πολλὰ τὰ ἀπόρρητα, ἀλλ’ ὀλίγιστα καὶ σπανιώτατα καὶ ταῦτα ὑπὲρ τῶν κοινῶν μόνων· καὶ τὸ ἔμφρον καὶ μεμετρημένον ἔν τε θεωριῶν ἐπιτελέσει καὶ ἔργων κατασκευαῖς καὶ διανομαῖς καὶ τοῖς τοιούτοις, ὅ ἐστιν ἀνθρώπου πρὸς αὐτὸ τὸ δέον πραχθῆναι δεδορκότος, οὐ πρὸς τὴν ἐπὶ τοῖς πραχθεῖσιν εὐδοξίαν.
Further, his not being easily moved and unstable, but staying long in the same places and activities; and after his fits of headache, returning immediately fresh and vigorous to his usual works; and his not having many secrets, but very few and rare, and these only concerning public affairs; and his wisdom and moderation in the exhibition of shows, the construction of works, distributions, and the like, which is the mark of a man who looks to what ought to be done, not to the reputation arising from what is done.
§1.16.8οὐκ ἀωρὶ λούστης, οὐχὶ φιλοικοδόμος, οὐ περὶ τὰς ἐδωδὰς ἐπινοητής, οὐ περὶ ἐσθήτων ὑφὰς καὶ χρόας, οὐ περὶ σωμάτων ὥρας.
He was not one who bathed at unseasonable hours, nor was he fond of building, nor did he busy himself about his food, nor about the texture and color of his clothes, nor about the beauty of his slaves' bodies.
ἡ ἀπὸ Λωρίου στολὴ ἀνάγουσα ἀπὸ τῆς κάτω ἐπαύλεως· χιτὼν ἐν Λανουβίῳ τὰ πολλά· τῷ φελώνῃ ἐν Τούσκλοις παραιτουμένῳ ὡς ἐχρήσατο καὶ πᾶς ὁ τοιοῦτος τρόπος.
The robe from Lorium, coming up from the lower villa; the tunic at Lanuvium for the most part; his way of dealing with the tax-collector at Tusculum who begged for forgiveness, and all his manner of life of this kind.
§1.16.9οὐδὲν ἀπηνὲς οὐδὲ μὴν ἀδυσώπητον οὐδὲ λάβρον οὐδὲ ὥστ’ ἄν τινα εἰπεῖν ποτε· ἕως ἱδρῶτος· ἀλλὰ πάντα διειλημμένα λελογίσθαι ὡς ἐπὶ σχολῆς, ἀταράχως, τεταγμένως, ἐρρωμένως, συμφώνως ἑαυτοῖς.
Nothing harsh, nor yet implacable, nor violent, nor such as would ever make anyone say, "to the point of sweat"; but all things detailed and considered as if at leisure, calmly, orderly, strongly, and consistently with themselves.
ἐφαρμόσειε δ’ ἂν αὐτῷ τὸ περὶ τοῦ Σωκράτους μνημονευόμενον, ὅτι καὶ ἀπέχεσθαι καὶ ἀπολαύειν ἐδύνατο τούτων, ὧν οἱ πολλοὶ πρός τε τὰς ἀποχὰς ἀσθενῶς καὶ πρὸς τὰς ἀπολαύσεις ἐνδοτικῶς ἔχουσι.
And to him might be applied what is recorded of Socrates, that he was able both to abstain from and to enjoy those things, from which the many are too weak to abstain, and to the enjoyment of which they weakly yield.
§1.16.10τὸ δὲ ἰσχύειν καὶ ἐγκαρτερεῖν καὶ ἐννήφειν ἑκατέρῳ ἀνδρός ἐστιν ἄρτιον καὶ ἀήττητον ψυχὴν ἔχοντος, οἷον ἐν τῇ νόσῳ τῇ Μαξίμου.
But to be strong and to endure and to remain sober in both is the mark of a man who has a perfect and invincible soul, such as he showed in the illness of Maximus.

Notes

  1. §1.16.2τὸ προαπέστη τῆς ἐρεύνης — An extremely rare construction where the indicative aorist verb `προαπέστη` ('shrank back prematurely') is directly substantivized by the definite article `τὸ`. Normally, an infinitive like `τὸ προαποστῆναι` would be expected, but the indicative is used here to emphasize the reality of the fact that he 'did not' shrink back from the search.
  2. §1.16.4καὶ τὸ μηδὲ ἄν τινα εἰπεῖν — In the infinitive clause led by the definite article `τὸ`, the potential particle `ἄν` goes with `εἰπεῖν` ('to say'), expressing a potential or counterfactual sense ('that no one would have said...').
  3. §1.16.8τῷ φελώνῃ ἐν Τούσκλοις παραιτουμένῳ ὡς ἐχρήσατο — The word `φελώνης` has two main interpretations: a transliteration of the Latin `paenula` ('traveling cloak') or a variant of the Greek `τελώνης` ('tax-collector' or 'toll-collector'). In the former case, it refers to his declining of a cloak or his attitude towards someone offering it; in the latter case, it refers to his lenient treatment of a toll-collector apologizing at Tusculum. Given the context of his simplicity and lack of harshness, the latter (tax-collector) is historically the more widely accepted interpretation.

Cite this passage

Marcus Aurelius, Meditations §1.16.1-1.16.10. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0562.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:1.16.1-1.16.10

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