§13## ιγ΄.
## ιγ΄.
Εἴ κα ἐν κύκλῳ δύο εὐθεῖαι τέμνουσαι ἀλλάλας μὴ ποτʼ ὀρθὰς ὦσιν, ἁ μὲν διάμετρος ἁ δὲ οὔ, ἀχθέωντι δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν περάτων τᾶς διαμέτρου εὐθεῖαι ποτʼ ὀρθὰς τᾷ ἄλλᾳ εὐθεία, αἱ ἀπολαφθεῖσαι ἀπὸ τῶν περάτων τᾶς διαμέτρου εὐθεῖαι ἴσαι ἀλλάλαις ἐντί.
If in a circle two straight lines cutting each other not at right angles are such that one is a diameter and the other is not, and if from the extremities of the diameter straight lines are drawn at right angles to the other straight line, the straight lines cut off [on the other line] by the extremities of the diameter are equal to one another.
Ἔστω κύκλος ὁ ΑΒΓ καὶ ἐν αὐτῷ δύο εὐθεῖαι τέμνουσαι ἀλλάλας μὴ ποτʼ ὀρθὰς αἱ ΑΒ, Γ△, ἇν ἁ ΑΒ διάμετρος τοῦ κύκλου, καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν περάτων τᾶς διαμέτρου τῶν Α, Β ἄχθωσαν τᾷ Γ△ ποτʼ ὀρθὰς εὐθεῖαι αἱ ΑΕ, ΒΖ φαμὶ δή, αἱ ἀπὸ τῶν περάτων τᾶς διαμέτρου ἀπολαφθεῖσαι εὐθεῖαι αἱ ΓΖ, △Ε ἴσαι ἀλλάλαις ἐντί.
Let there be a circle ABΓ, and in it let two straight lines AB, Γ△ cut each other not at right angles, of which AB is a diameter of the circle, and from the extremities of the diameter A, B let straight lines AE, BZ be drawn at right angles to Γ△; I say indeed that the straight lines ΓZ, △E cut off by the extremities of the diameter are equal to one another.
Ἐπεζεύχθω γὰρ ἁ ΕΒ καὶ ἀπὸ κέντρου τοῦ κύκλου τοῦ Ι τᾷ Γ△ ἄχθω ποτʼ ὀρθὰς εὐθεῖα ἁ ΙΗ καὶ ἐκβληθεῖσα συμβαλλέτω τᾷ ΕΒ κατὰ τὸ Θ σαμεῖον.
For let EB be joined, and from the center I of the circle let a straight line IH be drawn at right angles to Γ△, and let it be produced to meet EB at the point Θ.
Ἐπεὶ οὖν εὐθεῖα ἁ ΙΗ παρὰ τὰν ΑΕ ἐστίν, ἁ δὲ ΒΙ τᾷ ΙΑ ἴσα, εὐθεῖα ἄρα ἁ ΒΘ τᾷ ΘΕ ἐστὶν ἴσα.
Since, then, the straight line IH is parallel to AE, and BI is equal to IA, therefore the straight line BΘ is equal to ΘE.
Πάλιν, ἐπεὶ ἁ ΒΖ παρὰ τὰν ΘΗ ᾖ, ἐστίν εὐθεῖα ἄρα ἁ ΖΗ εὐθείᾳ τᾷ ΗΕ ἐστὶν ἴσα ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἁ ΗΓ τᾷ Η△ ἴσα·
Again, since BZ is parallel to ΘH, therefore the straight line ZH is equal to the straight line HE.
κοινὰ ἀφαιρήσθω ἁ ΖΗ, τουτέστιν ἁ ΗΕ·
And HΓ is also equal to H△; let the common part ZH, that is, HE, be subtracted.
λοιπὰ ἄρα ἁ ΖΓ λοιπᾷ τᾷ Ε△ ἐστὶν ἴσα·
Therefore, the remainder ZΓ is equal to the remainder E△.
φανερὸν οὖν ὃ ἔδει δεῖξαι.
Therefore, what was to be shown is manifest.
§14## ιδ΄.
## ιδ΄.
Εἴ κα ἐν ἁμικυκλίῳ ἀπὸ τῶν περάτων τᾶς διαμέτρου δύο ἴσα τμάματα λαφθέωντι καὶ ἀπὸ τούτων ἁμικύκλια ἐντὸς γραφέωντι, γραφῇ δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ λοιποῦ τμάματος τᾶς διαμέτρου ἁμικύκλιον ἐκτός, ὁ κύκλος, οὗ διάμετρος συναμφότερος ἁ ἐκ τοῦ κέντρου τοῦ ἁμικυκλίου καὶ ἁ ἐκ τοῦ κέντρου τοῦ ἐκτός, χωρίῳ τῷ περιεχομένῳ ὑπὸ τῶν περιφερειῶν τῶν ἁμικυκλίων, ὅπερ σελήνιον καλείσθω, ἴσος ἐστίν.
If in a semicircle two equal segments are taken from the extremities of the diameter, and from these semicircles are described inside, and from the remaining segment of the diameter a semicircle is described outside, the circle whose diameter is equal to both the radius of the semicircle and the radius of the outer one combined is equal to the area bounded by the circumferences of the semicircles, which let be called a lune.
Ἔστω ἁμικύκλιον, οὗ διάμετρος ἁ ΑΒ, καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν περάτων τᾶς διαμέτρου τῶν Α, Β δύο τμάματα ἴσα ἀλλάλοις λελάφθω τὰ ΑΓ, Β△, γεγράφθω δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν τμαμάτων δύο ἁμικύκλια ἐντός, καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ λοιποῦ τμάματος τοῦ Γ△ γεγράφθω ἁμικύκλιον ἐκτός, διὰ κέντρου δὲ τοῦ ἀμικυκλίου τοῦ Ε διαμέτρῳ τᾷ ΑΒ ἄχθω ποτʼ ὀρθὰς εὐθεῖα ἁ ΕΖ καὶ ἐκβεβλήσθω ἐπὶ τὸ Η σαμεῖον· φαμὶ δή, ὁ κύκλος, οὗ διάμετρος ἁ ΖΗ, χωρίῳ τῷ περιεχομένῳ ὑπὸ τῶν περιφερειῶν τῶν ἁμικυκλίων, ὅπερ σελήνιον καλείσθω, ἴσος ἐστίν.
Let there be a semicircle whose diameter is AB, and from the extremities of the diameter A, B let two segments equal to one another be taken, namely AΓ, B△, and from these segments let two semicircles be described inside, and from the remaining segment Γ△ let a semicircle be described outside, and through the center E of the semicircle let a straight line EZ be drawn at right angles to the diameter AB, and let it be produced to the point H; I say indeed that the circle whose diameter is ZH is equal to the area bounded by the circumferences of the semicircles, which let be called a lune.
Ἐπεὶ γὰρ εὐθεῖα· γραμμὰ ἁ △Γ δίχα τέτμαται κατὰ τὸ Ε σαμεῖον, ποτίκειται δὲ αὐτᾷ εὐθεῖα ἐπʼ εὐθείας ἁ ΓΑ, τὸ ἀπὸ τᾶς △Α καὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τᾶς ποτικειμένας τᾶς ΓΑ τὰ συναμφότερα τετράγωνα διπλασίονά ἐντι τοῦ τε ἀπὸ τᾶς ἁμισείας τᾶς △Ε καὶ τοῦ ἀπὸ τᾶς ΕΑ τετραγώνου.
For since the straight line △Γ is bisected at the point E, and a straight line ΓA is added to it in a straight line, the squares on △A and on the added ΓA together are double of the square on the half △E and of the square on EA.
Ἔστι δὲ ἁ ΖΗ τᾷ △Α ἴσα ἔστιν ἄρα καὶ τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ΖΗ, ΓΑ διπλασίονα τοῦ τε ἀπὸ τᾶς △Ε καὶ τοῦ ἀπὸ τᾶς ΕΑ. Καὶ ἐπεὶ ἁ ΑΒ τᾶς ΑΕ διπλασίων ἐστὶ καὶ ἁ Γ△ τᾶς △Ε, ἐσσεῖται καὶ τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ΑΒ, Γ△ τοῖς ἀπὸ τῶν △Ε, ΕΑ τετραπλασίονα, τουτέστι τοῖς ἀπὸ τῶν ΖΗ, ΓΑ διπλασίονα·
And ZH is equal to △A; therefore the squares on ZH, ΓA are also double of the square on △E and of that on EA.
κύκλοι ἄρα, ὧν διάμετροι αἱ ΑΒ, △Γ εὐθεῖαι, κύκλων, ὧν διάμετροι αἱ ΖΗ, ΓΑ, διπλασίονές ἐντι· ἁμικύκλια ἄρα, ὧν διάμετροι αἱ ΑΒ, △Γ εὐθεῖαι, κύκλοις, ὧν διάμετροι αἱ ΖΗ, ΓΑ, ἴσα ἐστίν· κοινὸν ἀφαιρήσθω κύκλος, οὗ διάμετρος ἁ ΑΓ, τουτέστι δύο ἁμικύκλια, ὧν διάμετροι αἱ ΑΓ, △Β· λοιπὸν ἄρα χωρίον τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν περιφερειῶν τῶν ἁμικυκλίων περιεχόμενον, ὅπερ σελήνιον καλεῖται, κύκλῳ, οὗ διάμετρος ἁ ΖΗ, ἴσον ἐστίν· δῆλον οὖν τὸ προτεθέν.
And since AB is double of AE, and Γ△ is double of △E, the squares on AB, Γ△ will also be quadruple of those on △E, EA, that is, double of those on ZH, ΓA; therefore the circles whose diameters are the straight lines AB, △Γ are double of the circles whose diameters are ZH, ΓA; therefore the semicircles whose diameters are the straight lines AB, △Γ are equal to the circles whose diameters are ZH, ΓA; let the common circle whose diameter is AΓ, that is, the two semicircles whose diameters are AΓ, △B, be subtracted; therefore the remaining area bounded by the circumferences of the semicircles, which is called a lune, is equal to the circle whose diameter is ZH; therefore what was proposed is manifest.