§312τοῦ δὲ Καίσαρος ἡγουμένου Κελτῶν, οἱ Δαλμάται οἵδε, καὶ ὅσοι ἄλλοι Ἰλλυριῶν τότε μάλιστα διηυτύχουν, Λιβυρνούς, ἕτερον ἔθνος Ἰλλυριῶν, Πρωμόναν πόλιν ἀφείλοντο·
When Caesar was governor of the Gauls, these Dalmatians, and as many of the other Illyrians as were then most prosperous, took Promona, a city of the Liburni, another tribe of the Illyrians.
οἱ δὲ σφᾶς Ῥωμαίοις ἐπιτρέποντες ἐπὶ τὸν Καίσαρα ἐγγὺς ὄντα κατέφευγον.
The Liburni, surrendering themselves to the Romans, fled for refuge to Caesar, who was near.
ὁ δὲ ἔπεμψε μέν, καὶ προηγόρευσε τοῖς ἔχουσι τὴν Πρωμόναν ἀποδοῦναι τοῖς Λιβυρνοῖς· οὐ φροντισάντων δὲ ἐκείνων τέλος ἔπεμψε στρατοῦ πολλοῦ, οὓς ἅπαντας ἔκτειναν οἱ Ἰλλυριοί.
He sent indeed, and warned those who held Promona to restore it to the Liburni; but when they paid no attention, he finally sent a large army, all of whom the Illyrians killed.
καὶ ὁ Καῖσαρ οὐκ ἐπεξῆλθεν· οὐ γὰρ ἦν οἱ σχολὴ τότε στασιάζοντι πρὸς Πομπήιον.
And Caesar did not pursue them; for he had no leisure then, as he was at variance with Pompey.
ἐκραγείσης δὲ ἐς πόλεμον τῆς στάσεως ὁ μὲν Καῖσαρ μεθʼ ὅσων εἶχεν ἐκ Βρεντεσίου χειμῶνος τὸν Ἰόνιον ἐπέρα καὶ Πομπηίῳ κατὰ Μακεδονίαν ἐπολέμει, τοῦ δʼ ἄλλου στρατοῦ τὸν μὲν Ἀντώνιος ἐς τὴν Μακεδονίαν ἦγε τῷ Καίσαρι, περῶν καὶ ὅδε τὸν Ἰόνιον χειμῶνος ἄκρου, σπείρας δὲ πεζοῦ πεντεκαίδεκα καὶ τρισχιλίους ἱππέας Γαβίνιος ἦγεν αὐτῷ διὰ τῆς Ἰλλυρίδος, περιοδεύων τὸν Ἰόνιον.
When the variance broke out into war, Caesar crossed the Ionian Sea from Brundisium in the winter with as many men as he had and fought Pompey in Macedonia, while of the rest of the army, Antony led one part to Macedonia for Caesar, also crossing the Ionian Sea at the end of winter, and Gabinius led fifteen cohorts of infantry and three thousand cavalry for him through Illyris, going around the Ionian Sea.
οἱ δὲ Ἰλλυριοὶ φόβῳ τῶν οὐ πρὸ πολλοῦ γεγονότων ἐς Καίσαρα, τὴν νίκην αὐτοῦ νομίζοντες ὄλεθρον γενήσεσθαι ἑαυτοῖς, κτείνουσι πάντα τὸν ὑπὸ τῷ Γαβινίῳ στρατὸν ἐπιδραμόντες, χωρὶς αὐτοῦ Γαβινίου καὶ ὀλίγων διαφυγόντων.
But the Illyrians, from fear of what they had done to Caesar not long before, thinking that his victory would be their destruction, overran and killed the entire army under Gabinius, except Gabinius himself and a few who escaped.
καὶ ἐς χρήματα τότε μάλιστα καὶ τὴν ἄλλην ἰσχὺν ἐκ τοσῶνδε λαφύρων ἔστησαν.
And they established themselves in great wealth and other power at that time from such great spoils.
§313ὁ δὲ Καῖσαρ ἠσχολεῖτο μὲν ὑπʼ ἀνάγκης ἐς Πομπήιον, καὶ Πομπηίου καθαιρεθέντος ἐς τὰ ὑπόλοιπα τῆς ἐκείνου στάσεως πολυμερῆ γενόμενα, καταστησάμενος δὲ πάντα ἐπανῆλθεν ἐς Ῥώμην, καὶ ἐστράτευεν ἐπὶ Γέτας τε καὶ Παρθυαίους.
Caesar was occupied by necessity against Pompey, and after Pompey was overthrown, against the remaining, many-sided parts of his faction; but having settled everything, he returned to Rome, and was planning to march against both the Getae and the Parthians.
ἔδεισαν οὖν οἱ Ἰλλυριοὶ μὴ ἐν ὁδῷ σφίσιν οὖσιν ἐπιθοῖτο, καὶ πρέσβεις πέμψαντες ἐς Ῥώμην ᾔτουν τε συγγνώμην τῶν γεγονότων καὶ ἐς φίλιαν ἑαυτοὺς καὶ συμμαχίαν ἐδίδοσαν, ὡς περὶ ἔθνους ἀλκίμου μάλιστα σεμνολογούμενοι.
Therefore the Illyrians feared lest he should attack them on his way, and sending ambassadors to Rome, they asked for pardon for what had happened and surrendered themselves to friendship and alliance, speaking of themselves very proudly as a brave nation.
ὁ δὲ ἐπειγόμενος ἄρα ἐς Παρθυαίους σεμνότερον ὅμως αὐτοῖς ἀπεκρίνατο, φίλους μὲν οὐ θήσεσθαι τοὺς τοιαῦτα δεδρακότας, συγγνώσεσθαι δέ, εἰ φόρους ὑποσταῖεν καὶ ὅμηρα δοῖεν.
But Caesar, who was indeed hurrying to the Parthians, gave them a rather proud answer, saying that he would not make friends of those who had done such things, but that he would pardon them if they would submit to taxes and give hostages.
ὑπισχνουμένων δὲ ἐς ἀμφότερα αὐτῶν Οὐατίνιον ἔπεμψε σὺν στρατοῦ τέλεσι τρισὶ καὶ ἱππεῦσι πολλοῖς, φόρους τε ὀλίγους τάξοντα αὐτοῖς καὶ τὰ ὅμηρα ληψόμενον.
When they promised both, he sent Vatinius with three legions of the army and many cavalry, to impose a light tax upon them and receive the hostages.
ἀναιρεθέντος δὲ τοῦ Καίσαρος, ἡγούμενοι τὴν Ῥωμαίων ἰσχὺν ἐν τῷ Καίσαρι γεγονέναι τε καὶ διεφθάρθαι, οὐδὲν ἔτι τοῦ Οὐατινίου κατήκουον, οὔτε ἐς τοὺς φόρους οὔτε ἐς τὰ ἄλλα, βιάζεσθαι δὲ ἐγχειροῦντος αὐτοὶ πέντε τάξεις ἐπιδραμόντες ἔφθειραν, καὶ τὸν ἡγούμενον τῶν τάξεων Βαίβιον, ἄνδρα ἀπὸ βουλῆς.
But when Caesar was assassinated, thinking that the Roman power had existed in Caesar and was now destroyed, they no longer obeyed Vatinius at all, neither as to the taxes nor as to the rest; and when he attempted to compel them, they overran and destroyed five cohorts, and Bebius, the commander of the cohorts, a man of senatorial rank.
καὶ Οὐατίνιος μὲν σὺν τοῖς ὑπολοίποις ἐς Ἐπίδαμνον ἀνεχώρει· ἡ δὲ Ῥωμαίων βουλὴ τὸν στρατὸν τόνδε καὶ Μακεδονίαν ἐπʼ αὐτῷ, καὶ Ἰλλυριοὺς ὅσων ἦρχον, ἐνεχείρισε Βρούτῳ Καιπίωνι τῷ κτείναντι Γάιον, ὅτε περ καὶ Συρίαν Κασσίῳ, καὶ τῷδε ἀνδροφόνῳ Γαΐου γενομένῳ.
And Vatinius retreated with the remainder to Epidamnus; but the Roman Senate entrusted this army, and Macedonia with it, and as many of the Illyrians as they ruled, to Brutus Caepio, who killed Gaius, at the very time when they entrusted Syria to Cassius, even to this man who had become the murderer of Gaius.
ἀλλὰ καὶ οἵδε, πολεμούμενοι πρὸς Ἀντωνίου καὶ τοῦ δευτέρου Καίσαρος τοῦ Σεβαστοῦ προσαγορευθέντος, ἐς οὐδὲν ἐσχόλασαν Ἰλλυριοῖς.
But these also, being campaigned against by Antony and the second Caesar who was called Augustus, had no leisure at all for the Illyrians.
§314οἱ δὲ Παίονές εἰσιν ἔθνος μέγα παρὰ τὸν Ἴστρον, ἐπίμηκες ἐξ Ἰαπόδων ἐπὶ Δαρδάνους, Παίονες μὲν ὑπὸ τῶν Ἑλλήνων λεγόμενοι, καὶ ῥωμαϊστὶ Παννόνιοι, συναριθμούμενοι δὲ ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων τῇ Ἰλλυρίδι, ὡς προεῖπον.
The Paeonians are a great nation along the Ister, extending from the Iapodes to the Dardani, called Paeonians by the Greeks, and in Latin Pannonians, but numbered by the Romans with Illyria, as I said before.
διὸ καὶ περὶ τῶνδέ μοι δοκεῖ νῦν κατὰ τὰ Ἰλλυρικὰ εἰπεῖν.
Therefore it seems to me proper to speak of them now in the Illyrian history.
ἔνδοξοι δʼ εἰσὶν ἐκ Μακεδόνων διʼ Ἀγριᾶνας, οἳ τὰ μέγιστα Φιλίππῳ καὶ Ἀλεξάνδρῳ κατεργασάμενοι Παίονές εἰσι τῶν κάτω Παιόνων, Ἰλλυριοῖς ἔποικοι.
They are famous from Macedonian history because of the Agrianes, who performed the greatest exploits for Philip and Alexander; these are Paeonians of the lower Paeonia, settlers among the Illyrians.
ἐπεὶ δʼ ἐπὶ τοὺς Παίονας ἐστράτευσε Κορνήλιος, κακῶς ἀπαλλάξας μέγα δέος Παιόνων Ἰταλοῖς ἅπασιν ἐνεποίησε, καὶ ἐς πολὺ τοῖς ἔπειτα ὑπάτοις ὄκνον ἐπὶ Παίονας ἐλαύνειν.
But when Cornelius campaigned against the Paeonians, having fared badly, he inspired great fear of the Paeonians in all the Italians, and for a long time afterward a hesitation in the consuls to march against the Paeonians.
τὰ μὲν δὴ πάλαι τοσαῦτα περὶ Ἰλλυριῶν καὶ Παιόνων ἔσχον εὑρεῖν· ἐν δὲ τοῖς ὑπομνήμασι τοῦ δευτέρου Καίσαρος τοῦ κληθέντος Σεβαστοῦ, παλαιότερον μὲν οὐδὲν οὐδʼ ἐν τοῖσδε περὶ Παιόνων ηὗρον.
So much about the Illyrians and Paeonians in ancient times I have been able to find; but in the memoirs of the second Caesar, who was called Augustus, I found nothing older even in them concerning the Paeonians.
§315Ἰλλυριῶν δέ μοι φαίνεται χωρὶς τῶν εἰρημένων ἐθνῶν καὶ ἕτερα Ῥωμαίων προϋπακοῦσαι.
It seems to me that of the Illyrians, besides the aforementioned tribes, others also submitted to the Romans beforehand.
καὶ ὅπως μεν, οὐκ ἔγνων·
How indeed, I do not know; for Augustus did not write of the deeds of others, but of his own.
οὐ γὰρ ἀλλοτρίας πράξεις ὁ Σεβαστός, ἀλλὰ τὰς ἑαυτοῦ συνέγραφεν, ὡς δʼ ἀποστάντας ἐς τοὺς φόρους ἐπανήγαγε, καὶ ἑτέρους ὡς ἀρχῆθεν ἔτι ὄντας αὐτονόμους εἷλε, καὶ πάντας ἐκρατύνατο ὅσοι τὰς κορυφὰς οἰκοῦσι τῶν Ἄλπεων, βάρβαρα καὶ μάχιμα ἔθνη, καὶ κλοπεύοντα τὴν Ἰταλίαν ὡς γείτονα.
But how he brought back those who had revolted to their taxes, and how he captured others who had been autonomous from the beginning, and how he subdued all who inhabit the peaks of the Alps, barbarian and warlike tribes, who plundered Italy as their neighbor, (he did write).
καί μοι θαῦμά ἐστιν ὅτι καὶ πολλοὶ καὶ μεγάλοι Ῥωμαίων στρατοὶ ἐπὶ Κελτοὺς καὶ Ἴβηρας διὰ τῶν Ἄλπεων ὁδεύοντες ὑπερεῖδον τάδε τὰ ἔθνη, καὶ οὐδὲ Γάιος Καῖσαρ, εὐτυχέστατος ἐς πολέμους ἀνήρ, ἐξήνυσεν αὐτά, ὅτε Κελτοῖς ἐπολέμει καὶ δέκα ἔτεσιν ἀμφὶ τήνδε τὴν χώραν ἐχείμαζεν.
And it is a wonder to me that many and great Roman armies, marching through the Alps against the Gauls and Iberians, overlooked these tribes, and not even Gaius Caesar, a man most fortunate in wars, subdued them when he was fighting the Gauls and wintering for ten years around this country.
ἀλλά μοι δοκοῦσιν οἱ μέν, ἐφʼ ἃ ᾑρέθησαν ἐπειγόμενοι, τῆς διόδου τῶν Ἄλπεων μόνης φροντίσαι, ὁ δὲ Γάιος ἀμφί τε τὰ Κελτικὰ γενέσθαι, καὶ τῆς στάσεως τοῦ Πομπηίου τὰ Κελτικὰ ἐπιλαβούσης τὸ τούτων τέλος ὑπερθέσθαι.
But it seems to me that the others, hurrying to what they had been chosen for, cared only for the passage of the Alps, while Gaius was occupied with Gallic affairs, and when the variance of Pompey took hold of the Gallic affairs, he postponed the end of these.
φαίνεται μὲν γὰρ καὶ Ἰλλυρίδος ἅμα Κελτοῖς αἱρεθεὶς ἄρχειν, οὐ πάσης δʼ ἄρα ἦρχεν ἀλλʼ ὅση τις ἦν τότε Ῥωμαίοις Ἰλλυρίς.
For he appears to have been chosen to rule Illyris along with the Gauls, but indeed he did not rule all of it, but only as much Illyris as then belonged to the Romans.