Humanitext Reader

Polybius · The Histories §9.23.1-9.23.9

Transformation of Character by Circumstance and Friends

Passage 623 of 1311 · Greek

Summary

Polybius adduces historical examples of individuals and states (such as Agathocles, Cleomenes, Athens, Sparta, and King Philip) to argue that character can be obscured or altered into opposite traits by changing circumstances and the influence of friends.

§9.23.1γνοίη δʼ ἄν τις ἐπὶ πολλῶν τῶν ἤδη γεγονότων ἐπιστήσας.
Anyone might realize this if he turned his attention to many of the events that have already occurred.
§9.23.2τίς γὰρ Ἀγαθοκλέα τὸν Σικελίας τύραννον οὐχ ἱστόρηκε διότι δόξας ὠμότατος εἶναι κατὰ τὰς πρώτας ἐπιβολὰς καὶ τὴν κατασκευὴν τῆς δυναστείας, μετὰ ταῦτα νομίσας βεβαίως ἐνδεδέσθαι τὴν Σικελιωτῶν ἀρχὴν πάντων ἡμερώτατος δοκεῖ γεγονέναι καὶ πρᾳότατος;
For who has not recorded concerning Agathocles, the tyrant of Sicily, that, though he was thought to be most cruel in his first undertakings and in the establishment of his power, yet afterwards, believing that he had firmly secured his rule over the Siceliots, he is thought to have become the most gentle and mild of all men?
§9.23.3ἔτι δὲ Κλεομένης ὁ Σπαρτιάτης οὐ χρηστότατος μὲν βασιλεύς, πικρότατος δὲ τύραννος, εὐτραπελώτατος δὲ πάλιν ἰδιώτης καὶ φιλανθρωπότατος;
And again, was not Cleomenes the Spartan a most excellent king, yet a most harsh tyrant, and on the other hand, a most witty private citizen and most philanthropic?
§9.23.4καίτοι γʼ οὐκ εἰκὸς ἦν περὶ τὰς αὐτὰς φύσεις τὰς ἐναντιωτάτας διαθέσεις ὑπάρχειν· ἀλλʼ ἀναγκαζόμενοι ταῖς τῶν πραγμάτων μεταβολαῖς συμμετατίθεσθαι τὴν ἐναντίαν τῇ φύσει πολλάκις ἐμφαίνουσι διάθεσιν ἔνιοι τῶν δυναστῶν πρὸς τοὺς ἐκτός, ὥστε μὴ οἷον ἐλέγχεσθαι τὰς φύσεις διὰ τούτων, τὸ δʼ ἐναντίον ἐπισκοτεῖσθαι μᾶλλον.
And yet it was not likely that the most opposite dispositions should exist in the same characters; but some rulers, being forced to change along with the changes of circumstances, often display to the outside world a disposition contrary to their nature, so that, far from their characters being tested by these things, on the contrary they are rather obscured.
§9.23.5τὸ δʼ αὐτὸ καὶ διὰ τὰς τῶν φίλων παραθέσεις εἴωθε συμβαίνειν οὐ μόνον ἡγεμόσι καὶ δυνάσταις καὶ βασιλεῦσιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ πόλεσιν.
And the very same thing is accustomed to happen also because of the suggestions of friends, not only to leaders, rulers, and kings, but also to states.
§9.23.6Ἀθηναίων γοῦν εὕροι τις ἂν ὀλίγα μὲν τὰ πικρά, πολλὰ δὲ τὰ χρηστὰ καὶ σεμνὰ τῆς πολιτείας Ἀριστείδου καὶ Περικλέους προεστώτων, Κλέωνος δὲ καὶ Χάρητος τἀναντία·
At any rate, in the case of the Athenians, one would find few harsh actions but many beneficial and noble ones in their government when Aristides and Pericles were at their head, but the opposite when Cleon and Chares were.
§9.23.7Λακεδαιμονίων δʼ ἡγουμένων τῆς Ἑλλάδος ὅσα μὲν διὰ Κλεομβρότου τοῦ βασιλέως πράττοιτο, πάντα συμμαχικὴν εἶχε τὴν αἵρεσιν, ὅσα δὲ διʼ Ἀγησιλάου, τοὐναντίον·
And when the Lacedaemonians were leaders of Greece, whatever was done through King Cleombrotus had an attitude supportive of the allies, but whatever was done through Agesilaus was the opposite.
§9.23.8ὥστε καὶ τὰ τῶν πόλεων ἔθη ταῖς τῶν προεστώτων διαφοραῖς συμμεταπίπτειν.
So that even the characters of states change along with the differences of their leaders.
§9.23.9Φίλιππος δʼ ὁ βασιλεύς, ὅτε μὲν Ταυρίων ἢ Δημήτριος αὐτῷ συμπράττοιεν, ἦν ἀσεβέστατος, ὅτε δὲ πάλιν Ἄρατος ἢ Χρυσόγονος, ἡμερώτατος.
And King Philip, when Taurion or Demetrius co-operated with him, was most impious, but on the other hand, when Aratus or Chrysogonus did, he was most gentle.

Notes

  1. 9.23.1ἐπιστήσας — A participle used in a conditional sense, meaning "if one directs (one's mind/attention)." It is used intransitively here, with τὸν νοῦν (mind, attention) understood.
  2. 9.23.2Ἀγαθοκλέα τὸν Σικελίας τύραννον — A construction of prolepsis (anticipation), where the noun phrase functions as the object of the main verb ἱστόρηκε, while semantically serving as the subject of the following subordinate clause (the διότι clause, equivalent here to a ὅτι clause).
  3. 9.23.4μὴ οἷον — An idiomatic expression (οὐχ οἷον / μὴ οἷον) meaning "far from doing..." or "so far from," accompanied by a contrasting clause (τὸ δʼ ἐναντίον...) to strongly negate the first possibility. Here it expresses that characters, far from being tested, are rather obscured.

Cite this passage

Polybius, The Histories §9.23.1-9.23.9. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0543.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:9.23.1-9.23.9

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