Humanitext Reader

Polybius · The Histories §9.13.1-9.13.9

Secrecy and Essential Factors for Successful Military Plans

Passage 613 of 1311 · Greek

Summary

The author emphasizes that for a military plan to succeed, every detail must be perfect, starting with strict silence (secrecy) and followed by spatial-temporal calculations, signals, and proper choice of agents.

§9.13.1τὸ κατορθοῦν μόλις ἱκανὰ πάντα.
but for success, all things together are scarcely sufficient.
διὸ χρὴ μηδενὸς ἀφροντιστεῖν ἐν ταῖς τοιαύταις ἐπιβολαῖς τοὺς ἡγουμένους.
Therefore, leaders must not neglect any detail in such undertakings.
§9.13.2ἔστι δʼ ἀρχὴ μὲν τῶν προειρημένων τὸ σιγᾶν, καὶ μήτε διὰ χαρὰν παραδόξου προφαινομένης ἐλπίδος μήτε διὰ φόβον μήτε διὰ συνήθειαν μήτε διὰ φιλοστοργίαν μεταδιδόναι μηδενὶ τῶν ἐκτός, αὐτοῖς δὲ κοινοῦσθαι τούτοις, §9.13.3ὧν χωρὶς οὐχ οἷόν τε τὸ προτεθὲν ἐπὶ τέλος ἀγαγεῖν, καὶ τούτοις μὴ πρότερον, ἀλλʼ ὅταν ὁ τῆς ἑκάστου χρείας καιρὸς ἐπαναγκάζῃ.
Now, the first principle of the aforementioned is silence, and to impart nothing to any of those outside, neither through joy at an unexpected hope presenting itself, nor through fear, nor through familiarity, nor through affection, but to share it only with those, without whom it is impossible to bring the proposed task to completion, and even with these, not beforehand, but only when the opportunity of individual necessity compels it.
§9.13.4χρὴ δὲ σιγᾶν μὴ μόνον τῇ γλώττῃ, πολὺ δὲ μᾶλλον τῇ ψυχῇ· §9.13.5πολλοὶ γὰρ ἤδη κρύψαντες τοὺς λόγους ποτὲ μὲν διʼ αὐτῆς τῆς ἐπιφάσεως, ποτὲ δὲ καὶ διὰ τῶν πραττομένων φανερὰς ἐποίησαν τὰς ἑαυτῶν ἐπινοίας.
And one must keep silence not only with the tongue, but much more so in the soul; for many ere now, while concealing their words, have made their designs manifest sometimes by their very expression, and sometimes by their actions.
§9.13.6δεύτερον δʼ ἐπεγνωκέναι τὰς ἡμερησίους καὶ νυκτερινὰς πορείας καὶ τὰ διανύσματα τούτων, μὴ μόνον κατὰ γῆν, ἀλλὰ καὶ κατὰ θάλατταν.
Secondly, one must have thorough knowledge of the daily and nightly marches and their distances, not only by land, but also by sea.
§9.13.7τρίτον καὶ μέγιστον, τῶν ἐκ τοῦ περιέχοντος καιρῶν ἔχειν ἔννοιαν καὶ δύνασθαι τούτων κατὰ τὸ κριθὲν εὐστοχεῖν.
Thirdly, and most importantly, one must grasp the opportunities offered by the surrounding conditions and be able to hit upon them in accordance with what has been decided.
§9.13.8καὶ μὴν οὐδὲ τὸν τόπον τῆς πράξεως ἐν μικρῷ θετέον, ἐπειδὴ πολλάκις παρὰ τοῦτο τὰ μὲν ἀδύνατα δοκοῦντʼ εἶναι δυνατά, τὰ δὲ δυνατὰ πέφηνεν ἀδύνατα.
And indeed, the place of the action must not be held in low esteem, since often owing to this, things seeming impossible appear possible, and things seeming possible appear impossible.
§9.13.9τὸ δὲ τελευταῖον συνθημάτων καὶ παρασυνθημάτων, ἔτι δὲ τῆς ἐκλογῆς, διʼ ὧν καὶ μεθʼ ὧν ἐνεργηθήσεται τὸ κριθέν, οὐκ ὀλιγωρητέον.
Finally, one must not neglect signals and countersignals, and furthermore, the choice of agents through whom and with whom the decided plan will be carried out.

Notes

  1. 9.13.1τὸ κατορθοῦν μόλις ἱκανὰ πάντα — Constructed by supplementing the prepositional phrase `πρὸς δὲ` (but for [success]) from the end of the preceding section (§9.12.10), forming `πρὸς δὲ τὸ κατορθοῦν` (but for success). `πάντα` (all things) is the subject and `ἱκανὰ` (sufficient) is the predicate.
  2. 9.13.2αὐτοῖς δὲ κοινοῦσθαι τούτοις, ὧν χωρὶς — The verb `κοινοῦσθαι` governs the dative `αὐτοῖς ... τούτοις` (with these very [persons]). The demonstrative `τούτοις` serves as the antecedent to the relative pronoun `ὧν` (without whom...), which refers to the essential participants required to execute the operation.
  3. 9.13.6ἐπεγνωκέναι — A perfect infinitive introduced by the adverbial phrase `δεύτερον δʼ` (secondly). It syntactically depends on the impersonal verb `χρή` (one must) in §9.13.1. This dependency also applies to the subsequent infinitives `ἔχειν` and `δύνασθαι` in §9.13.7.

Cite this passage

Polybius, The Histories §9.13.1-9.13.9. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0543.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:9.13.1-9.13.9

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