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Polybius · The Histories §8.3.1-8.3.6

Roman Siege of Syracuse and Archimedes

Passage 561 of 1311 · Greek

Summary

As Syracuse is seized by pro-Carthaginian leaders, the Roman forces initiate a siege from both land and sea, only to find their expectations thoroughly defied by the genius and defensive preparations of a single mind, Archimedes.

§8.3.1ὅτε δὴ τὰς Συρακούσας Ἐπικύδης τε καὶ Ἱπποκράτης κατέλαβον, ἑαυτούς τε καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους τῶν πολιτῶν τῆς Ῥωμαίων φιλίας ἀλλοτριώσαντες, οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι προσπεπτωκυίας αὐτοῖς ἤδη καὶ τῆς Ἱερωνύμου τοῦ Συρακοσίων τυράννου καταστροφῆς Ἄππιον Κλαύδιον ἀντιστράτηγον καταστήσαντες αὐτῷ μὲν τὴν πεζὴν συνέστησαν δύναμιν, τὸν δὲ νηΐτην αὐτοῖς στόλον ἐπετρόπευσε Μάρκος Κλαύδιος.
When Epicydes and Hippocrates seized Syracuse and alienated both themselves and the rest of the citizens from the friendship of the Romans, the Romans, news of the downfall of Hieronymus the tyrant of Syracuse having already reached them, appointed Appius Claudius as pro-praetor and entrusted him with the land forces, while Marcus Claudius commanded their fleet.
§8.3.2οὗτοι μὲν δὴ τὴν στρατοπεδείαν ἐβάλοντο μικρὸν ἀποσχόντες τῆς πόλεως, τὰς δὲ προσβολὰς ἔκριναν ποιεῖσθαι τῇ μὲν πεζῇ δυνάμει κατὰ τοὺς ἀπὸ τῶν Ἑξαπύλων τόπους, τῇ δὲ ναυτικῇ τῆς Ἀχραδίνης κατὰ τὴν Σκυτικὴν προσαγορευομένην στοάν, καθʼ ἣν ἐπʼ αὐτῆς κεῖται τῆς κρηπῖδος τὸ τεῖχος παρὰ θάλατταν.
These indeed pitched their camp at a short distance from the city, and resolved to make their assaults with the land forces at the sector of Hexapyla, and with the navy at the part of Achradina by the so-called Scythian Portico, where the wall stands upon the very edge of the rock-base along the sea.
§8.3.3ἑτοιμασάμενοι δὲ γέρρα καὶ βέλη καὶ τἄλλα τὰ πρὸς τὴν πολιορκίαν, ἐν ἡμέραις πέντε διὰ τὴν πολυχειρίαν ἤλπισαν καταταχήσειν τῇ παρασκευῇ τοὺς ὑπεναντίους, οὐ λογισάμενοι τὴν Ἀρχιμήδους δύναμιν, οὐδὲ προϊδόμενοι διότι μία ψυχὴ τῆς ἁπάσης ἐστὶ πολυχειρίας ἐν ἐνίοις καιροῖς ἀνυστικωτέρα.
Having prepared mantlets, missiles, and other things for the siege, they hoped, owing to their abundant hands, to overcome the enemy with their preparations within five days, not taking into account the power of Archimedes, nor foreseeing that a single mind is in some situations more effective than any multitude of hands.
πλὴν τότε διʼ αὐτῶν ἔγνωσαν τῶν ἔργων τὸ λεγόμενον.
However, they then learned the truth of the proverb through the events themselves.
§8.3.4οὔσης γὰρ ὀχυρᾶς τῆς πόλεως διὰ τὸ κεῖσθαι κύκλῳ τὸ τεῖχος ἐπὶ τόπων ὑπερδεξίων καὶ προκειμένης ὀφρύος, πρὸς ἣν καὶ μηδενὸς κωλύοντος οὐκ ἂν εὐμαρῶς τις δύναιτο πελάσαι πλὴν κατά τινας τόπους ὡρισμένους, §8.3.5τοιαύτην ἡτοίμασε παρασκευὴν ὁ προειρημένος ἀνὴρ ἐντὸς τῆς πόλεως, ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ πρὸς τοὺς κατὰ θάλατταν ἐπιπορευομένους, ὥστε μηδὲν ἐκ τοῦ καιροῦ δεῖν ἀσχολεῖσθαι τοὺς ἀμυνομένους, πρὸς πᾶν δὲ τὸ γινόμενον ὑπὸ τῶν ἐναντίων ἐξ ἑτοίμου ποιεῖσθαι τὴν ἀπάντησιν.
For as the city was strong because the wall lay in a circle on elevated ground and an overhanging ridge—to which, even with no one preventing, one could not easily approach except by certain designated places— the aforementioned man had prepared such preparations within the city, and likewise against those approaching by sea, so that the defenders had no need to be distracted by sudden emergencies, but were ready to make a prompt reply to everything done by the enemy.
§8.3.6πλὴν ὁ μὲν Ἄππιος ἔχων γέρρα καὶ κλίμακας ἐνεχείρει προσφέρειν ταῦτα τῷ συνάπτοντι τείχει τοῖς Ἑξαπύλοις ἀπὸ τῶν ἀνατολῶν.
Now Appius, having mantlets and ladders, attempted to bring these against the wall adjoining Hexapyla from the east.

Notes

  1. 8.3.1οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι... Ἄππιον Κλαύδιον ἀντιστράτηγον καταστήσαντες αὐτῷ μὲν τὴν πεζὴν συνέστησαν δύναμιν, τὸν δὲ νηΐτην αὐτοῖς στόλον ἐπετρόπευσε Μάρκος Κλαύδιος — The structure of the main clause. The subject noun phrase οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι, modified by the participle καταστήσαντες, acts as the subject of the first main verb συνέστησαν, but in the contrasted δέ clause (τὸν δὲ...) the subject shifts to Μάρκος Κλαύδιος. This represents a shift of subject within the main clause through the μὲν... δέ contrast, a common feature in classical Greek syntax.
  2. 8.3.3μία ψυχὴ τῆς ἁπάσης ἐστὶ πολυχειρίας ... ἀνυστικωτέρα — The comparative adjective ἀνυστικωτέρα (more effective) governs the genitive of comparison τῆς ἁπάσης ... πολυχειρίας (all the multitude of hands). This highlights how 'a single mind' (Archimedes) is far more powerful and effective than any large number of physical laborers or soldiers.
  3. 8.3.4πρὸς ἣν καὶ μηδενὸς κωλύοντος οὐκ ἂν εὐμαρῶς τις δύναιτο πελάσαι — The antecedent of the relative pronoun ἣν is ὀφρύος (ridge). The combination of the parenthetical genitive absolute μηδενὸς κωλύοντος (even with no one preventing, with concessive force) and the potential optative ἄν δύναιτο describes a hypothetical situation: 'to which one would not be able to approach easily, even if no one were blocking the way.'
  4. 8.3.5ἐκ τοῦ καιροῦ — An adverbial phrase meaning literally 'from the moment/circumstance', here signifying 'on the spur of the moment' or 'improvisedly' (in a hurried manner). It indicates that, due to Archimedes' thorough foresight and planning, the defenders did not have to react in a frantic or makeshift manner to sudden crises.

Cite this passage

Polybius, The Histories §8.3.1-8.3.6. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0543.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:8.3.1-8.3.6

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