Humanitext Reader

Polybius · The Histories §4.27.1-4.27.10

Criticism of Aetolian Hypocrisy and Philip's Preparations

Passage 304 of 1311 · Greek

Summary

The author criticizes the Aetolians for electing Scopas as general despite their lawless actions, comparing their hypocrisy to historical examples of Lacedaemonian policy. Meanwhile, King Philip returns to Macedonia to prepare for war, leaving all Greeks with high hopes of his royal clemency.

§4.27.1κατὰ δὲ τοὺς αὐτοὺς καιροὺς Αἰτωλοί, συνάψαντος τοῦ τῶν ἀρχαιρεσίων χρόνου, στρατηγὸν αὑτῶν εἵλοντο Σκόπαν, ὃς ἐγεγόνει πάντων τῶν προειρημένων ἀδικημάτων αἴτιος.
At about the same time, as the time for the elections was drawing near, the Aetolians chose as their general Scopas, who had been the cause of all the aforementioned outrages.
§4.27.2ὑπὲρ ὧν οὐκ οἶδα πῶς χρὴ λέγειν.
Concerning these things, I do not know how I should speak.
τὸ γὰρ κοινῷ μὲν δόγματι μὴ πολεμεῖν, πανδημεὶ δὲ στρατεύοντας ἄγειν καὶ φέρειν τὰ τῶν πέλας, καὶ κολάζειν μὲν μηδένα τῶν αἰτίων, στρατηγοὺς δʼ αἱρεῖσθαι καὶ τιμᾶν τοὺς προεστῶτας τῶν τοιούτων ἔργων, ἐμοὶ μὲν δοκεῖ τῆς πάσης γέμειν κακοπραγμοσύνης·
For, not to wage war by common decree, but, marching out in full force, to plunder and ravage the property of neighbors, and to punish none of the culprits, but to choose as generals and honor those who preside over such deeds, seems to me to be full of utter wickedness.
§4.27.3τί γὰρ ἂν ἄλλο τις τὰς τοιαύτας κακίας ὀνομάσειε;
For what else could one call such vices?
δῆλον δʼ ἔσται τὸ λεγόμενον ἐκ τούτων.
What I mean will be clear from the following examples.
§4.27.4Λακεδαιμόνιοι τὴν Καδμείαν Φοιβίδου παρασπονδήσαντος τὸν μὲν αἴτιον ἐζημίωσαν, τὴν δὲ φρουρὰν οὐκ ἐξήγαγον, ὥσπερ λυομένης τῆς ἀδικίας διὰ τῆς τοῦ πράξαντος βλάβης, παρὸν τἀναντία ποιεῖν· τοῦτο γὰρ διέφερε τοῖς Θηβαίοις.
The Lacedaemonians, when Phoebidas violated the treaty by seizing the Cadmea, fined the culprit but did not withdraw the garrison, as if the injustice were undone by the punishment of the doer, although it was possible for them to do the opposite; for this latter was what mattered to the Thebans.
§4.27.5πάλιν ἐκήρυττον ἀφιέντες τὰς πόλεις ἐλευθέρας καὶ αὐτονόμους κατὰ τὴν ἐπʼ Ἀνταλκίδου γενομένην εἰρήνην, τοὺς δʼ ἁρμοστὰς οὐκ ἐξῆγον ἐκ τῶν πόλεων.
Again, they proclaimed that they were leaving the cities free and autonomous according to the Peace of Antalcidas, yet they did not withdraw their harmosts from the cities.
§4.27.6Μαντινεῖς φίλους ὄντας καὶ συμμάχους ἀναστάτους ποιήσαντες οὐκ ἔφασαν ἀδικεῖν, ἐκ μιᾶς πόλεως εἰς πλείους αὐτοὺς διοικίσαντες, §4.27.7ἀνοίᾳ μετὰ κακίας χρησάμενοι προφανῶς διὰ τὸ δοκεῖν, ἐάν τις αὐτὸς ἐπιμύῃ, μηδὲ τοὺς πέλας ὁρᾶν.
And after expelling the Mantineans, who were their friends and allies, they denied that they were doing any wrong, by dispersing them from a single city into several villages, manifestly displaying folly combined with wickedness, because they seemed to think that if one shuts one's own eyes, not even one's neighbors can see.
§4.27.8ἀμφοτέροις τοίνυν ὁ ζῆλος οὗτος τῆς πολιτείας αἴτιος κατέστη τῶν μεγίστων συμπτωμάτων· ὃν οὐδαμῶς οὐδαμῇ ζηλωτέον οὔτε κατʼ ἰδίαν οὔτε κοινῇ τοὺς ὀρθῶς βουλευομένους.
Therefore, this style of policy became the cause of the greatest disasters to both of them; a policy which those who deliberate rightly should by no means emulate in any way, whether in private or in public.
§4.27.9ὁ δὲ βασιλεὺς Φίλιππος χρηματίσας τοῖς Ἀχαιοῖς ἀνέζευξε μετὰ τῆς δυνάμεως ἐπὶ Μακεδονίας, σπεύδων ἐπὶ τὴν παρασκευὴν τῶν πρὸς τὴν πόλεμον, οὐ μόνον τοῖς συμμάχοις, §4.27.10ἀλλὰ πᾶσι τοῖς Ἕλλησι διὰ τοῦ προειρημένου ψηφίσματος καλὰς ἐλπίδας ὑποδεικνύων πρᾳότητος καὶ μεγαλοψυχίας βασιλικῆς.
King Philip, having transacted his business with the Achaeans, set out with his army for Macedonia, hastening his preparations for the war, holding out fair hopes of royal clemency and magnanimity, not only to the allies, but to all the Greeks through the aforementioned decree.

Notes

  1. 4.27.4παρὸν — Accusative absolute of the impersonal verb `πάρεστι` (it is possible) in the neuter singular present participle. It expresses a concessive meaning: "although it was possible to do the opposite." While typical absolute constructions use the genitive, impersonal verbs take the accusative.
  2. 4.27.7μηδὲ τοὺς πέλας ὁρᾶν — Infinitive clause dependent on the preceding `δοκεῖν`. The subject of the infinitive `ὁρᾶν` is `τοὺς πέλας` (neighbors), while the omitted object refers back to `τις` (the person who shuts his eyes) from the conditional clause, meaning "that not even their neighbors can see (them)."
  3. 4.27.8ὃν ... ζηλωτέον ... τοὺς ὀρθῶς βουλευομένους — Impersonal construction with the verbal adjective `ζηλωτέον` (to be emulated). Although the agent of a verbal adjective is typically expressed in the dative, here the accusative `τοὺς ὀρθῶς βουλευομένους` is used as the agent ("by those who deliberate rightly"), a construction characteristic of later Greek.

Cite this passage

Polybius, The Histories §4.27.1-4.27.10. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0543.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:4.27.1-4.27.10

Please note the AI-draft status of the translation and the date accessed.

Translation, notes and summary are AI-generated drafts, revised through reader feedback.