Humanitext Reader

Polybius · The Histories §38.4.1-38.4.9

The Duty of Historians to Pursue Truth for Posterity

Passage 1285 of 1311 · Greek

Summary

The author argues for the critical importance of pursuing truth in historical writing, asserting that historians must write objectively for the moral instruction of posterity without distorting facts out of temporary considerations or fear of offense.

§38.4.1ὑπὲρ ὧν οὐ δεήσει θαυμάζειν ἐὰν παρεκβαίνοντες τὸ τῆς ἱστορικῆς διηγήσεως ἦθος ἐπιδεικτικωτέραν καὶ φιλοτιμοτέραν φαινώμεθα ποιούμενοι περὶ αὐτῶν τὴν ἀπαγγελίαν.
Concerning these matters, there will be no need to wonder if, deviating from the character of historical narrative, we appear to make our presentation of them more showy and elaborate.
§38.4.2καίτοι τινὲς ἴσως ἐπιτιμήσουσιν ἡμῖν ὡς φιλαπεχθῶς ποιουμένοις τὴν γραφήν, οἷς καθῆκον ἦν μάλιστα πάντων περιστέλλειν τὰς τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἁμαρτίας.
And yet some will perhaps censure us as writing out of a love of hostility—us, for whom it was a duty most of all to cover up the errors of the Greeks.
§38.4.3ἐγὼ δʼ οὔτε φίλον οὐδέποτʼ ἂν ὑπολαμβάνω γνήσιον νομισθῆναι παρὰ τοῖς ὀρθῶς φρονοῦσι τὸν δεδιότα καὶ φοβούμενον τοὺς μετὰ παρρησίας λόγους, §38.4.4καὶ μὴν οὐδὲ πολίτην ἀγαθὸν τὸν ἐγκαταλείποντα τὴν ἀλήθειαν διὰ τὴν ἐσομένην ὑπʼ ἐνίων προσκοπὴν παρʼ αὐτὸν τὸν καιρόν· §38.4.5συγγραφέα δὲ κοινῶν πράξεων οὐδʼ ὅλως ἀποδεκτέον τὸν ἄλλο τι περὶ πλείονος ποιούμενον τῆς ἀληθείας.
But for my part, I do not suppose that a man who fears and dreads words spoken with frankness would ever be considered a genuine friend by those who think rightly, nor indeed that one who abandons the truth because of the offense that will be taken by some at the very moment would be considered a good citizen; and a writer of general history who values anything else above the truth is not to be accepted at all.
§38.4.6ὅσῳ γὰρ εἰς πλείους διατείνει καὶ ἐπὶ πλείω χρόνον ἡ διὰ τῶν ὑπομνημάτων παράδοσις τῶν πρὸς καιρὸν λεγομένων, τοσούτῳ χρὴ μᾶλλον καὶ τὸν γράφοντα περὶ πλείστου ποιεῖσθαι τὴν ἀλήθειαν καὶ τοὺς ἀκούοντας ἀποδέχεσθαι τὴν τοιαύτην αἵρεσιν.
For the more the transmission through historical records extends to more people and over a longer time than words spoken for the moment, so much the more must the writer also value truth above all, and the hearers accept such a principle.
§38.4.7κατὰ μὲν γὰρ τοὺς τῶν περιστάσεων καιροὺς καθήκει βοηθεῖν τοὺς Ἕλληνας ὄντας τοῖς Ἕλλησι κατὰ πάντα τρόπον, τὰ μὲν ἀμύνοντας, τὰ δὲ περιστέλλοντας, τὰ δὲ παραιτουμένους τὴν τῶν κρατούντων ὀργήν· ὅπερ ἡμεῖς ἐπʼ αὐτῶν τῶν πραγμάτων ἐποιήσαμεν ἀληθινῶς·
For during times of critical circumstances, it is fitting for those who are Greeks to help Greeks in every way, partly by defending them, partly by covering up their errors, and partly by deprecating the anger of the rulers—which indeed we did in actual fact.
§38.4.8τὴν δʼ ὑπὲρ τῶν γεγονότων τοῖς ἐπιγινομένοις διὰ τῶν ὑπομνημάτων παράδοσιν ἀμιγῆ παντὸς ψεύδους ἀπολείπεσθαι χάριν τοῦ μὴ ταῖς ἀκοαῖς τέρπεσθαι κατὰ τὸ παρὸν τοὺς ἀναγινώσκοντας, ἀλλὰ ταῖς ψυχαῖς διορθοῦσθαι πρὸς τὸ μὴ πλεονάκις ἐν τοῖς αὐτοῖς διασφάλλεσθαι.
But the transmission concerning past events left to posterity through records must be free of all falsehood, so that the readers may not be pleased in their ears for the present, but may be corrected in their souls, so as not to stumble repeatedly in the same errors.
§38.4.9καὶ περὶ μὲν τούτων ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον ἡμῖν εἰρήσθω.
And concerning these matters, let this suffice.

Notes

  1. 38.4.1ἐὰν ... φαινώμεθα ποιούμενοι — The subjunctive verb φαινώμεθα is accompanied by the supplementary participle ποιούμενοι. While φαίνομαι with a participle generally indicates an obvious fact ('we are clearly making'), as opposed to φαίνομαι with an infinitive indicating appearance ('we seem to make'), here it expresses the subjective impression or evaluation perceived by the readers.
  2. 38.4.2οἷς καθῆκον ἦν — The relative pronoun οἷς (dative) refers back to the antecedent ἡμῖν ('us') in the main clause. It functions as the dative of reference or agent with the impersonal expression formed by the neuter participle καθῆκον and the past copula ἦν ('it was a duty').
  3. 38.4.3οὔτε φίλον οὐδέποτʼ ἂν ὑπολαμβάνω γνήσιον νομισθῆναι — The particle ἂν does not modify the main verb ὑπολαμβάνω (present indicative) but rather the infinitive νομισθῆναι in the accusative-and-infinitive construction, expressing potentiality ('would be considered'). The subject of the infinitive is τὸν δεδιότα ..., and φίλον γνήσιον serves as its predicate accusative.
  4. 38.4.6τῶν πρὸς καιρὸν λεγομένων — Genitive of comparison. It contrasts the scope (temporal and spatial) to which 'the transmission through historical records' (ἡ διὰ τῶν ὑπομνημάτων παράδοσις) extends, compared to that of 'words spoken for the occasion' (τῶν πρὸς καιρὸν λεγομένων).
  5. 38.4.8τὴν δʼ ὑπὲρ τῶν γεγονότων ... παράδοσιν ... ἀπολείπεσθαι — An accusative-and-infinitive construction consisting of the accusative παράδοσιν and the passive infinitive ἀπολείπεσθαι. Rather than being an independent clause, it inherits the sense of obligation or necessity from χρή ('must') in §38.4.6 or καθήκει ('it is fitting') in §38.4.7.

Cite this passage

Polybius, The Histories §38.4.1-38.4.9. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0543.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:38.4.1-38.4.9

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