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Polybius · The Histories §36.3.1-36.3.9

Carthage's Despair and Decision to Surrender to Rome

Passage 1266 of 1311 · Greek

Summary

Losing their diplomatic leverage after Utica surrendered to Rome, the Carthaginians fell into despair and dispatched plenipotentiary ambassadors to Rome to make a complete surrender.

§36.3.1ὅτι τῶν Καρχηδονίων πάλαι βουλευομένων περὶ τοῦ πῶς ἀπαντῆσαι δεῖ πρὸς τὴν Ῥωμαίων ἀπόκρισιν, καὶ τῶν Ἰτυκαίων ὑποτεμομένων τὴν ἐπίνοιαν αὐτῶν, τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις τὴν ἑαυτῶν παραδόντων πόλιν, ὁλοσχερὴς ἀμηχανία περιέστη τοὺς ἀνθρώπους. §36.3.2μιᾶς γὰρ ἐλπίδος ἔτι φαινομένης αὐτοῖς, εἰ συγκαταβαῖεν εἰς τὸ δοῦναι τὴν ἐπιτροπὴν περὶ αὑτῶν, διότι πάντως εὐδοκεῖν ποιήσουσι τοὺς Ῥωμαίους, §36.3.3διὰ τὸ μηδʼ ἐν ταῖς μεγίσταις περιστάσεσιν καταπολεμηθέντες, καὶ πρὸς τοῖς τείχεσι τῶν πολεμίων ὑπαρχόντων, μηδέποτε τὴν ἐπιτροπὴν δεδωκέναι τῆς πατρίδος, §36.3.4καὶ ταύτης τῆς ἐπινοίας τὸν καρπὸν ἀπέβαλον, προκαταληφθέντες ὑπὸ τῶν Ἰτυκαίων· §36.3.5οὐδὲν γὰρ ξένον οὐδὲ παράδοξον ἔμελλε φανήσεσθαι τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις, εἰ ταὐτὸν ποιήσαιεν τοῖς προειρημένοις. §36.3.6οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ κακῶν αἱρέσεως καταλειπομένης, ἢ τὸν πόλεμον ἀναδέχεσθαι γενναίως ἢ διδόναι τὴν ἐπιτροπὴν περὶ τῶν καθʼ αὑτούς, §36.3.7πολλοὺς καὶ ποικίλους ἐν τῷ συνεδρίῳ διʼ ἀπορρήτων ποιησάμενοι λόγους κατέστησαν πρεσβευτὰς αὐτοκράτορας, καὶ τούτους ἐξαπέστελλον, δόντες ἐντολὴν βλέποντας πρὸς τὰ παρόντα πράττειν τὸ δοκοῦν συμφέρειν τῇ πατρίδι, §36.3.8ἦσαν δʼ οἱ πρεσβεύοντες Γίσκων Στρυτάνος ἐπικαλούμενος, Ἀμίλκας, Μίσδης, Γιλλίμας, Μάγων. §36.3.9ἥκοντες δʼ οἱ πρέσβεις παρὰ τῶν Καρχηδονίων εἰς Ῥώμην καὶ καταλαβόντες πόλεμον δεδογμένον καὶ τοὺς στρατηγοὺς ὡρμηκότας μετὰ τῶν δυνάμεων, οὐκέτι διδόντων βουλὴν αὐτοῖς τῶν πραγμάτων, ἔδωκαν τὴν ἐπιτροπὴν περὶ αὑτῶν.
While the Carthaginians had long been deliberating how they ought to respond to the reply of the Romans, and the Uticans cut the ground from under their plans by surrendering their own city to the Romans, a complete state of helplessness came upon the people. For one hope still appeared to them, if they should consent to surrender the power of decision over themselves, because they would certainly satisfy the Romans, since even when defeated in the greatest emergencies, and when the enemy was at their walls, they had never surrendered the power of decision over their country; but they lost the fruit of this plan as well, being anticipated by the Uticans. For it was not likely to appear anything strange or unexpected to the Romans if they should do the same as those mentioned above. Nevertheless, as a choice of evils was left to them—either to accept the war nobly or to surrender the power of decision over their affairs— after holding many and various secret discussions in the council, they appointed plenipotentiary ambassadors and sent them off, giving them instructions to look to the present circumstances and do what seemed to be of advantage to their country. The ambassadors were Gisco, surnamed Strytanus, Hamilcar, Misdes, Gillimas, and Mago. When the ambassadors from the Carthaginians arrived in Rome and found that war had been decided upon and that the consuls had already set out with their forces, as the state of affairs no longer gave them any room for deliberation, they surrendered the power of decision over themselves.

Notes

  1. 36.3.1τῶν Ἰτυκαίων ὑποτεμομένων τὴν ἐπίνοιαν αὐτῶν, τοῖς Ῥωμαῖοι τὴν ἑαυτῶν παραδόντων πόλιν — Genitive absolute construction. Both participles ὑποτεμομένων ('forestalling') and παραδόντων ('surrendering') agree with their subject τῶν Ἰτυκαίων.
  2. 36.3.2διότι — Instead of introducing a causal clause, διότι here functions equivalent to ὅτι introducing the content of the noun ἐλπίδος ('hope that...').
  3. 36.3.3διὰ τὸ μηδʼ ἐν ταῖς μεγίσταις περιστάσεσιν καταπολεμηθέντες ... μηδέποτε τὴν ἐπιτροπὴν δεδωκέναι — An infinitive phrase governed by διὰ τὸ with the perfect infinitive δεδωκέναι. Since the logical subject of the infinitive (the Carthaginians) is identical to that of the main clause, it is omitted, and the participle καταπολεμηθέντες is put in the nominative case. On the other hand, the subsequent ὑπαρχόντων is a genitive participle agreeing with τῶν πολεμίων.
  4. 36.3.9οὐκέτι διδόντων βουλὴν αὐτοῖς τῶν πραγμάτων — Genitive absolute construction. The noun βουλή here means 'deliberation' or 'room for consultation', meaning 'as the state of affairs no longer gave them any room for deliberation'.

Cite this passage

Polybius, The Histories §36.3.1-36.3.9. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0543.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:36.3.1-36.3.9

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