Humanitext Reader

Polybius · The Histories §34.2.1-34.2.16

Historical and Geographical Reality in Homer

Passage 1245 of 1311 · Greek

Summary

Strabo cites Polybius to argue that Homer's accounts of Odysseus's wanderings and Aeolus are not entirely fictional, but rather based on actual geography, natural phenomena, and historical customs around Sicily.

§34.2.1ἐκ μηδενὸς δὲ ἀληθοῦς ἀνάπτειν κενὴν τερατολογίαν οὐχ Ὁμηρικόν.
To fashion an empty monstrous fiction from no truth at all is not Homeric.
§34.2.2προσπίπτει γάρ, ὡς εἰκός, ὡς πιθανώτερον ἂν οὕτω τις ψεύδοιτο, εἰ καταμίσγοι τι καὶ αὐτῶν τῶν ἀληθινῶν· §34.2.3ὅπερ καὶ Πολύβιός φησι περὶ τῆς Ὀδυσσέως πλάνης ἐπιχειρῶν. — §34.2.4καὶ Πολύβιος δʼ ὀρθῶς ὑπονοεῖ τὰ περὶ τῆς πλάνης.
For it occurs to one, as is reasonable, that in this way one might lie more plausibly, if one should mix in some of the very truths themselves; which is just what Polybius also says when attempting to treat of the wandering of Odysseus. — And Polybius correctly conjectures the matters concerning the wandering.
§34.2.5τὸν γὰρ Αἴολον τὸν προσημαίνοντα τοὺς ἔκπλους ἐν τοῖς κατὰ τὸν πορθμὸν τόποις ἀμφιδρόμοις οὖσι καὶ δυσέκπλοις διὰ τὰς παλιρροίας ταμίαν τε εἰρῆσθαι τῶν ἀνέμων καὶ βασιλέα νενομίσθαι φησί, §34.2.6καθάπερ Δαναὸν μὲν τὰ ὑδρεῖα τὰ ἐν Ἄργει παραδείξαντα, Ἀτρέα δὲ τοῦ ἡλίου τὸν ὑπεναντίον τῷ οὐρανῷ δρόμον, μάντεις τε καὶ ἱεροσκοπουμένους ἀποδείκνυσθαι βασιλέας· §34.2.7τούς θʼ ἱερέας τῶν Αἰγυπτίων καὶ Χαλδαίους καὶ Μάγους σοφίᾳ τινὶ διαφέροντας τῶν ἄλλων ἡγεμονίας καὶ τιμῆς τυγχάνειν παρὰ τοῖς πρὸ ἡμῶν.
For he says that Aeolus, who foretold the times of sailing out in the regions around the strait—which were subject to currents running both ways and difficult to sail out of because of the ebb and flow of the tides—was called the steward of the winds and considered a king; just as Danaüs, who revealed the water-reservoirs in Argos, and Atreus, who revealed the motion of the sun contrary to the heavens, and diviners and inspectors of sacrifices, were appointed kings; and that the priests of the Egyptians, and the Chaldaeans, and the Magi, excelling others in a certain wisdom, obtained leadership and honor among our predecessors.
§34.2.8οὕτω δὲ καὶ τῶν θεῶν ἕνα ἕκαστον τῶν χρησίμων τινὸς εὑρετὴν γενόμενον τιμᾶσθαι.
And that in this way each one of the gods also, having become the discoverer of something useful, was honored.
§34.2.9ταῦτα δὲ προοικονομησάμενος οὐκ ἐᾷ τὸν Αἴολον ἐν μύθου σχήματι ἀκούεσθαι, οὐδʼ ὅλην τὴν Ὀδυσσέως πλάνην, ἀλλὰ μικρὰ μὲν προσμεμυθεῦσθαι, καθάπερ καὶ τῷ Ἰλιακῷ πολέμῳ, §34.2.10τὸ δʼ ὅλον περὶ Σικελίαν καὶ τῷ ποιητῇ πεποιῆσθαι καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις συγγραφεῦσιν, ὅσοι τἀπιχώρια λέγουσι τὰ περὶ τὴν Ἰταλίαν καὶ Σικελίαν.
Having laid these foundations, he does not allow Aeolus to be understood in the guise of a myth, nor the whole of Odysseus's wandering, but holds that, just as in the Trojan war, some small things have been mythologically added, but that as a whole it was set around Sicily both by the poet and by the other writers, as many as relate the local traditions concerning Italy and Sicily.
§34.2.11οὐκ ἐπαινεῖ δὲ οὐδὲ τὴν τοιαύτην τοῦ Ἐρατοσθένους ἀπόφασιν, διότι φησὶ τότʼ ἂν εὑρεῖν τινα ποῦ Ὀδυσσεὺς πεπλάνηται, ὅταν εὕρῃ τὸν σκυτέα τὸν συρράψαντα τὸν τῶν ἀνέμων ἀσκόν.
And he does not approve of that statement of Eratosthenes either, where he says that someone will find where Odysseus wandered only when he finds the cobbler who sewed together the bag of the winds.
§34.2.12καὶ τοῦτο δʼ οἰκείως εἰρῆσθαι τοῖς συμβαίνουσι περὶ τὸ Σκύλλαιον καὶ τὴν θήραν τῶν γαλεωτῶν, τὸ ἐπὶ τῆς Σκύλλης, αὐτοῦ δʼ ἰχθυάᾳ, §34.2.13σκόπελον περιμαιμώωσα, δελφῖνάς τε κύνας τε καὶ εἴ ποθι μεῖζον ἕλῃσι κῆτος. §34.2.14τοὺς γὰρ θύννους ἀγεληδὸν φερομένους παρὰ τὴν Ἰταλίαν, ἐπειδὰν ἐκπέσωσι καὶ κωλυθῶσι τῆς Σικελίας ἅψασθαι, περιπίπτειν τοῖς μείζοσι τῶν ζῴων, οἷον δελφίνων καὶ κυνῶν καὶ ἄλλων κητωδῶν, §34.2.15ἐκ δὲ τῆς θήρας αὐτῶν πιαίνεσθαι τοὺς γαλεώτας, οὓς καὶ ξιφίας λέγεσθαι καὶ κύνας φησί.
And he says that this too is spoken in accordance with the things that happen around Scyllaeum and the hunting of the galeotes—namely, that passage concerning Scylla: "and there she fishes, peering all around the rock for dolphins and sharks, and if anywhere she may catch a larger monster." For the tunny-fish, carried in shoals along Italy, when they are driven off and prevented from reaching Sicily, fall in with the larger animals, such as dolphins, sharks, and other cetaceans; and from the hunting of these, the galeotes grow fat, which he says are also called swordfish and dog-fish.
§34.2.16συμβαίνειν γὰρ ταὐτὸν ἐνθάδε καὶ κατὰ τὰς ἀναβάσεις τοῦ Νείλου καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ὑδάτων, ὅπερ ἐπὶ πυρὸς καὶ ὕλης ἐμπιπραμένης· ἁθροιζόμενα γὰρ τὰ θηρία φεύγειν τὸ πῦρ ἢ τὸ ὕδωρ καὶ βορὰν γίνεσθαι τοῖς κρείττοσι.
For he says that the same thing happens here as during the inundations of the Nile and other waters, just as in the case of fire and a burning forest; for the wild beasts, gathering together, flee from the fire or the water, and become prey to the stronger ones.

Notes

  1. 34.2.2προσπίπτει — Used impersonally in the sense of "it occurs to one" or "it presents itself to the mind," taking the subsequent `ὡς` clause as its grammatical subject. `ὡς εἰκός` is a parenthetical expression meaning "as is reasonable" or "naturally."
  2. 34.2.5ταμίαν τε εἰρῆσθαι τῶν ἀνέμων — Part of an accusative-and-infinitive (A.c.I.) construction governed by the main verb `φησί` (Polybius says). `τὸν Αἴολον` is the subject accusative, `ταμίαν` is the predicate accusative, and `εἰρῆσθαι` is the perfect passive infinitive, which is coordinated with `καὶ βασιλέα νενομίσθαι` ("and was considered a king").
  3. 34.2.6ἀποδείκνυσθαι — An infinitive within the clause introduced by `καθάπερ` ("just as"), also depending on the indirect discourse set up by `φησί`. It takes `Δαναὸν`, `Ἀτρέα`, and `μάντεις τε καὶ ἱεροσκοπουμένους` as its subject accusatives, with the middle/passive `ἀποδείκνυσθαι` meaning "to be appointed" or "designated" (as kings).
  4. 34.2.11τότʼ ἂν εὑρεῖν τινα — The apodosis of a conditional sentence in indirect discourse (mixed condition). The direct form, which would be "`ὅταν εὕρῃ` (protasis with subjunctive) + `ἂν εὕροι τις` (apodosis with `ἄν` + optative of potentiality)," has its main verb changed to the infinitive `εὑρεῖν` due to the governing verb `φησί` (Eratosthenes says), while the potential particle `ἄν` is retained.
  5. 34.2.12αὐτοῦ δʼ ἰχθυάᾳ — A quotation from Homer's *Odyssey* (12.251). `αὐτοῦ` is an adverb of place meaning "there" or "on that spot," and `ἰχθυάᾳ` is the 3rd person singular present indicative of the contract verb `ἰχθυάω` ("to fish"), showing epic distension (diectasis).

Cite this passage

Polybius, The Histories §34.2.1-34.2.16. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0543.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:34.2.1-34.2.16

Please note the AI-draft status of the translation and the date accessed.

Translation, notes and summary are AI-generated drafts, revised through reader feedback.