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Polybius · The Histories §3.54.1-3.54.8

Hannibal Inspires His Troops and Faces a Landslide

Passage 213 of 1311 · Greek

Summary

Hannibal encourages his despondent soldiers by pointing out the plains of Italy and begins the descent. However, they suffer heavy casualties due to the steep, snowy paths and are halted by a major landslide that blocks their way.

§3.54.1καὶ συνάψαι πρὸς τὴν παρεμβολήν.
and caught up with the camp.
τῆς δὲ χιόνος ἤδη περὶ τοὺς ἄκρους ἁθροιζομένης διὰ τὸ συνάπτειν τὴν τῆς Πλειάδος δύσιν, θεωρῶν τὰ πλήθη δυσθύμως διακείμενα καὶ διὰ τὴν προγεγενημένην ταλαιπωρίαν καὶ διὰ τὴν ἔτι προσδοκωμένην, §3.54.2ἐπειρᾶτο συναθροίσας παρακαλεῖν, μίαν ἔχων ἀφορμὴν εἰς τοῦτο τὴν τῆς Ἰταλίας ἐνάργειαν· οὕτως γὰρ ὑποπεπτώκει τοῖς προειρημένοις ὄρεσιν ὥστε συνθεωρουμένων ἀμφοῖν ἀκροπόλεως φαίνεσθαι διάθεσιν ἔχειν τὰς Ἄλπεις τῆς ὅλης Ἰταλίας.
As snow was already gathering about the summits because the setting of the Pleiades was approaching, and seeing that the multitude was despondent both because of the hardships they had already suffered and because of those they still expected, Hannibal attempted to assemble and encourage them, having only one resource for this, namely the vivid view of Italy; for it lies so close under the aforementioned mountains that, when both are viewed together, the Alps appear to occupy the position of a citadel to the whole of Italy.
§3.54.3διόπερ ἐνδεικνύμενος αὐτοῖς τὰ περὶ τὸν Πάδον πεδία καὶ καθόλου τῆς εὐνοίας ὑπομιμνήσκων τῆς τῶν κατοικούντων αὐτὰ Γαλατῶν, ἅμα δὲ καὶ τὸν τῆς Ῥώμης αὐτῆς τόπον ὑποδεικνύων ἐπὶ ποσὸν εὐθαρσεῖς ἐποίησε τοὺς ἀνθρώπους.
Therefore, pointing out to them the plains of the Po and reminding them generally of the goodwill of the Gauls who inhabited them, and at the same time pointing out the location of Rome itself, he made the men to some extent courageous.
§3.54.4τῇ δʼ ἐπαύριον ἀναζεύξας ἐνήρχετο τῆς καταβάσεως.
On the morrow, having broken camp, he began the descent.
ἐν ᾗ πολεμίοις μὲν οὐκέτι περιέτυχε πλὴν τῶν λάθρᾳ κακοποιούντων, ὑπὸ δὲ τῶν τόπων καὶ τῆς χιόνος οὐ πολλῷ λείποντας ἀπέβαλε τῶν κατὰ τὴν ἀνάβασιν φθαρέντων.
In the course of which he no longer met with any enemy, except those who did mischief by stealth, but owing to the ground and the snow, he lost almost as many men as had perished during the ascent.
§3.54.5οὔσης γὰρ στενῆς καὶ κατωφεροῦς τῆς καταβάσεως, τῆς δὲ χιόνος ἄδηλον ποιούσης ἑκάστοις τὴν ἐπίβασιν, πᾶν τὸ παραπεσὸν τῆς ὁδοῦ καὶ σφαλὲν ἐφέρετο κατὰ τῶν κρημνῶν.
For the descent was narrow and steep, and the snow made the footing invisible to everyone, so that all who stepped off the path or slipped were carried down the precipices.
§3.54.6οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ ταύτην μὲν ὑπέφερον τὴν ταλαιπωρίαν, ἅτε συνήθεις ὄντες ἤδη τοῖς τοιούτοις κακοῖς· §3.54.7ἅμα δὲ τῷ παραγενέσθαι πρὸς τοιοῦτον τόπον, ὃν οὔτε τοῖς θηρίοις οὔτε τοῖς ὑποζυγίοις δυνατὸν ἦν παρελθεῖν διὰ τὴν στενότητα, σχεδὸν ἐπὶ τρίʼ ἡμιστάδια τῆς ἀπορρῶγος καὶ πρὸ τοῦ μὲν οὔσης, τότε δὲ καὶ μᾶλλον ἔτι προσφάτως ἀπερρωγυίας, ἐνταῦθα πάλιν ἀθυμῆσαι καὶ διατραπῆναι συνέβη τὸ πλῆθος.
Nevertheless, they bore up under this hardship, being by this time accustomed to such miseries; but upon arriving at a place of such a character that it was impossible either for the elephants or the pack-animals to pass because of its narrowness—where the cliff, which had been abrupt even before, had then been broken away still more recently, to a length of nearly a stadium and a half—there again the multitude became despondent and thrown into confusion.
§3.54.8τὸ μὲν οὖν πρῶτον ἐπεβάλετο περιελθεῖν τὰς δυσχωρίας ὁ τῶν Καρχηδονίων στρατηγός· ἐπιγενομένης δὲ χιόνος καὶ ταύτην ἀδύνατον ποιούσης τὴν πορείαν,
At first, therefore, the Carthaginian general attempted to go around the difficult ground; but as fresh snow came on and made this route also impossible,

Notes

  1. §3.54.1καὶ συνάψαι — An infinitive serving as the subject of the impersonal verb συνέβη from the end of the previous chunk, standing in parallel with ἀναδραμεῖν. The literal meaning is 'and it happened that they caught up with the camp.'
  2. §3.54.2μίαν ἔχων ἀφορμὴν εἰς τοῦτο τὴν τῆς Ἰταλίας ἐνάργειαν — The object of the participle ἔχων is τὴν τῆς Ἰταλίας ἐνάργειαν (the vivid clarity/visibility of Italy), while μίαν ... ἀφορμὴν εἰς τοῦτο functions as a predicative appositive ('having the vivid view of Italy as his sole resource for this purpose').
  3. §3.54.4οὐ πολλῷ λείποντας τῶν κατὰ τὴν ἀνάβασιν φθαρέντων — The participle λείποντας takes a genitive of comparison (τῶν ... φθαρέντων) and a dative of degree of difference (πολλῷ), meaning 'falling short of those who perished during the ascent by not much,' i.e., 'losing almost as many men as in the ascent.'
  4. §3.54.7σχεδὸν ἐπὶ τρίʼ ἡμιστάδια τῆς ἀπορρῶγος καὶ πρὸ τοῦ μὲν οὔσης, τότε δὲ καὶ μᾶλλον ἔτι προσφάτως ἀπερρωγυίας — A complex genitive absolute or descriptive genitive phrase where the noun τῆς ἀπορρῶγος (the broken cliff) is modified by two genitive participles, οὔσης and ἀπερρωγυίας, in parallel. It describes the state of the landslide: 'the cliff, which was abrupt even before, but at that time had been broken away still more recently, extending to a length of nearly one and a half stadia.'

Cite this passage

Polybius, The Histories §3.54.1-3.54.8. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0543.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:3.54.1-3.54.8

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