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Polybius · The Histories §3.43.1-3.43.12

Hannibal's Crossing of the Rhone and Defeat of the Barbarians

Passage 202 of 1311 · Greek

Summary

Hannibal begins the main crossing of the river while utilizing boats upstream to break the current, as the detachment that had previously crossed launches a surprise attack on the barbarians' camp from behind. Caught in a pincer movement, the barbarians fall into confusion and flee.

§3.43.1οὐ μὴν ἀλλʼ ἐπιγενομένης τῆς πέμπτης νυκτὸς οἱ μὲν προδιαβάντες ἐκ τοῦ πέραν ὑπὸ τὴν ἑωθινὴν προῆγον παρʼ αὐτὸν τὸν ποταμὸν ἐπὶ τοὺς ἀντίπερα βαρβάρους, §3.43.2ὁ δʼ Ἀννίβας ἑτοίμους ἔχων τοὺς στρατιώτας ἐπεῖχε τῇ διαβάσει, τοὺς μὲν λέμβους πεπληρωκὼς τῶν πελτοφόρων ἱππέων, τὰ δὲ μονόξυλα τῶν εὐκινητοτάτων πεζῶν. §3.43.3εἶχον δὲ τὴν μὲν ἐξ ὑπερδεξίου καὶ παρὰ τὸ ῥεῦμα τάξιν οἱ λέμβοι, τὴν δʼ ὑπὸ τούτους τὰ λεπτὰ τῶν πορθμείων, ἵνα τὸ πολὺ τῆς τοῦ ῥεύματος βίας ἀποδεχομένων τῶν λέμβων ἀσφαλεστέρα γίνοιτο τοῖς μονοξύλοις ἡ παρακομιδὴ διὰ τοῦ πόρου. §3.43.4κατὰ δὲ τὰς πρύμνας τῶν λέμβων ἐφέλκειν διενοοῦντο τοὺς ἵππους νέοντας, τρεῖς ἅμα καὶ τέτταρας τοῖς ἀγωγεῦσιν ἑνὸς ἀνδρὸς ἐξ ἑκατέρου τοῦ μέρους τῆς πρύμνης οἰακίζοντος, ὥστε πλῆθος ἱκανὸν ἵππων συνδιακομίζεσθαι κατὰ τὴν πρώτην εὐθέως διάβασιν. §3.43.5οἱ δὲ βάρβαροι θεωροῦντες τὴν ἐπιβολὴν τῶν ὑπεναντίων ἀτάκτως ἐκ τοῦ χάρακος ἐξεχέοντο καὶ σποράδην, πεπεισμένοι κωλύειν εὐχερῶς τὴν ἀπόβασιν τῶν Καρχηδονίων. §3.43.6Ἀννίβας δʼ ἅμα τῷ συνιδεῖν ἐν τῷ πέραν ἐγγίζοντας ἤδη τοὺς παρʼ αὑτοῦ στρατιώτας, σημηνάντων ἐκείνων τὴν παρουσίαν τῷ καπνῷ κατὰ τὸ συντεταγμένον, ἐμβαίνειν ἅπασιν ἅμα παρήγγελλε καὶ βιάζεσθαι πρὸς τὸ ῥεῦμα τοῖς ἐπὶ τῶν πορθμείων τεταγμένοις. §3.43.7ταχὺ δὲ τούτου γενομένου, καὶ τῶν ἐν τοῖς πλοίοις ἁμιλλωμένων μὲν πρὸς ἀλλήλους μετὰ κραυγῆς, διαγωνιζομένων δὲ πρὸς τὴν τοῦ ποταμοῦ βίαν, §3.43.8τῶν δὲ στρατοπέδων ἀμφοτέρων ἐξ ἑκατέρου τοῦ μέρους παρὰ τὰ χείλη τοῦ ποταμοῦ παρεστώτων, καὶ τῶν μὲν ἰδίων συναγωνιώντων καὶ παρακολουθούντων μετὰ κραυγῆς, τῶν δὲ κατὰ πρόσωπον βαρβάρων παιανιζόντων καὶ προκαλουμένων τὸν κίνδυνον, ἦν τὸ γινόμενον ἐκπληκτικὸν καὶ παραστατικὸν ἀγωνίας. §3.43.9ἐν ᾧ καιρῷ τῶν βαρβάρων ἀπολελοιπότων τὰς σκηνὰς ἐπιπεσόντες ἄφνω καὶ παραδόξως οἱ πέραν Καρχηδόνιοι, τινὲς μὲν αὐτῶν ἐνεπίμπρασαν τὴν στρατοπεδείαν, οἱ δὲ πλείους ὥρμησαν ἐπὶ τοὺς τὴν διάβασιν τηροῦντας. §3.43.10οἱ δὲ βάρβαροι, παραλόγου τοῦ πράγματος φανέντος αὐτοῖς, οἱ μὲν ἐπὶ τὰς σκηνὰς ἐφέροντο βοηθήσοντες, οἱ δʼ ἠμύνοντο καὶ διεμάχοντο πρὸς τοὺς ἐπιτιθεμένους. §3.43.11Ἀννίβας δέ, κατὰ τὴν πρόθεσιν αὐτῷ συντρεχόντων τῶν πραγμάτων, εὐθέως τοὺς πρώτους ἀποβαίνοντας συνίστα καὶ παρεκάλει καὶ συνεπλέκετο τοῖς βαρβάροις. §3.43.12οἱ δὲ Κελτοὶ καὶ διὰ τὴν ἀταξίαν καὶ διὰ τὸ παράδοξον τοῦ συμβαίνοντος ταχέως τραπέντες ὥρμησαν πρὸς φυγήν.
However, when the fifth night came on, those who had previously crossed over advanced at dawn from the other side along the river itself against the barbarians on the opposite bank. Hannibal, having his soldiers ready, was intent on the crossing, having filled the boats with the light-armed cavalry, and the canoes with the most active infantry. The boats held their position upstream and against the current, and the light ferry-boats below them, so that, with the boats intercepting the main force of the current, the passage of the canoes through the channel might be safer. Behind the sterns of the boats they intended to tow the swimming horses, three or four at a time by their reins, with one man steering them from each side of the stern, so that a sufficient number of horses might be transported together in the very first crossing. The barbarians, seeing the attempt of their adversaries, poured out of their camp in disorder and dispersedly, convinced that they would easily prevent the landing of the Carthaginians. Hannibal, as soon as he saw his own soldiers already approaching on the opposite bank, they having signaled their presence with smoke according to the agreement, ordered everyone to embark at once and those stationed on the ferry-boats to force their way against the current. This being quickly done, while those in the boats emulated one another with shouting and struggled against the force of the river, while both armies stood on either side along the banks of the river, and their own comrades joined in the excitement and followed them with shouts, and the barbarians in front sang war-songs and provoked the combat, the scene was striking and filled with intense suspense. At this moment, since the barbarians had left their tents, the Carthaginians who had crossed over fell upon them suddenly and unexpectedly; some of them set fire to the camp, while the majority rushed upon those who were guarding the crossing. The barbarians, as this event appeared completely unexpected to them, some rushed toward the tents to bring help, while others defended themselves and fought against the attackers. Hannibal, since events were turning out according to his purpose, immediately organized those who first landed, exhorted them, and engaged with the barbarians. And the Celts, both because of their disorder and because of the unexpected nature of what was happening, were quickly routed and rushed into flight.

Notes

  1. 3.43.3ἐξ ὑπερδεξίου — Meaning 'from above' or 'upstream' spatially. Here it refers to the position upstream from the crossing point. It explains the tactical arrangement where the larger boats (λέμβοι) took the position upstream to break the current, protecting the lighter canoes (μονόξυλα) placed below them (ὑπὸ τούτους).
  2. 3.43.4ἑνὸς ἀνδρὸς ἐξ ἑκατέρου τοῦ μέρους τῆς πρύμνης οἰακίζοντος — A genitive absolute construction where `ἑνὸς ἀνδρὸς` is the subject of the participle `οἰακίζοντος`. It translates to 'with one man steering [the horses] from each side of the stern.'
  3. 3.43.8ἦν τὸ γινόμενον ἐκπληκτικὸν καὶ παραστατικὸν ἀγωνίας — After a series of long genitive absolute clauses describing the surrounding scene (`τῶν δὲ στρατοπέδων... παρεστώτων` etc.), the sentence finally resolves into this main clause. `παραστατικόν` (capable of producing/evoking) takes the objective genitive `ἀγωνίας` (anxiety/suspense), meaning 'evocative of intense suspense.'

Cite this passage

Polybius, The Histories §3.43.1-3.43.12. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0543.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:3.43.1-3.43.12

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