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Polybius · The Histories §3.116.1-3.116.13

Death of Paullus and the Rout of the Roman Army

Passage 275 of 1311 · Greek

Summary

The conclusion of the Battle of Cannae is described, where the consul Lucius Aemilius Paullus and the previous year's consuls meet a heroic death in battle, and the Roman army is almost completely annihilated, while the other consul, Varro, flees to Venusia with a few cavalry.

§3.116.1πεπτωκότας ἐποιοῦντο τὴν μάχην·
...who had fallen upon them from the flanks, they made their battle.
Λεύκιος δὲ καίπερ ὢν ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἐπὶ τοῦ δεξιοῦ κέρατος καὶ μετασχὼν ἐπί τι τοῦ τῶν ἱππέων ἀγῶνος ὅμως ἔτι τότε διεσῴζετο.
Lucius, although he had been from the beginning on the right wing and had taken some part in the cavalry contest, nevertheless was still surviving at that time.
§3.116.2βουλόμενος δὲ τοῖς κατὰ τὴν παράκλησιν λόγοις ἀκολούθως ἐπʼ αὐτῶν γίνεσθαι τῶν ἔργων καὶ θεωρῶν τὸ συνέχον τῆς κατὰ τὸν ἀγῶνα κρίσεως ἐν τοῖς πεζικοῖς στρατοπέδοις κείμενον, §3.116.3παριππεύων ἐπὶ τὰ μέσα τῆς ὅλης παρατάξεως ἅμα μὲν αὐτὸς συνεπλέκετο καὶ προσέφερε τὰς χεῖρας τοῖς ὑπεναντίοις, ἅμα δὲ παρεκάλει καὶ παρώξυνε τοὺς παρʼ αὑτοῦ στρατιώτας.
Wishing to act in accordance with his words of encouragement by his actual deeds, and seeing that the decisive part of the judgment in the contest lay with the infantry forces, he rode along to the center of the entire line, and on one hand he himself engaged and laid hands upon the enemy, while on the other hand he encouraged and urged on his own soldiers.
§3.116.4τὸ δὲ παραπλήσιον Ἀννίβας ἐποίει· καὶ γὰρ οὗτος ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἐπὶ τούτοις τοῖς μέρεσιν ἐπέστη τῆς δυνάμεως.
Hannibal did much the same; for he too from the beginning had been stationed in these parts of his army.
§3.116.5οἱ δὲ Νομάδες ἀπὸ τοῦ δεξιοῦ κέρατος προσπίπτοντες τοῖς ὑπεναντίοις ἱππεῦσι τοῖς ἐπὶ τῶν εὐωνύμων τεταγμένοις μέγα μὲν οὔτʼ ἐποίουν οὐδὲν οὔτʼ ἔπασχον διὰ τὴν ἰδιότητα τῆς μάχης, ἀπράκτους γε μὴν τοὺς πολεμίους παρεσκεύαζον, περισπῶντες καὶ πανταχόθεν προσπίπτοντες.
The Numidians, falling upon the enemy cavalry drawn up on the left wing from the right wing, neither did nor suffered any great harm because of the peculiar nature of their fighting, but they rendered the enemy useless, distracting them and falling upon them from all sides.
§3.116.6ἐπεὶ δʼ οἱ περὶ τὸν Ἀσδρούβαν ἀποκτείναντες τοὺς περὶ τὸν ποταμὸν ἱππεῖς πλὴν παντελῶς ὀλίγων παρεβοήθησαν ἀπὸ τῶν εὐωνύμων τοῖς Νομάσιν, τότε προϊδόμενοι τὴν ἔφοδον αὐτῶν οἱ σύμμαχοι τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἱππεῖς ἐκκλίναντες ἀπεχώρουν.
But when Hasdrubal and his men, having killed the cavalry along the river except for a very few, came to assist the Numidians from the left wing, then the allied cavalry of the Romans, anticipating their charge, turned and retreated.
§3.116.7ἐν ᾧ καιρῷ πραγματικὸν δοκεῖ ποιῆσαι καὶ φρόνιμον ἔργον Ἀσδρούβας· θεωρῶν γὰρ τοὺς Νομάδας τῷ τε πλήθει πολλοὺς ὄντας καὶ πρακτικωτάτους καὶ φοβερωτάτους τοῖς ἅπαξ ἐγκλίνασιν, τοὺς μὲν φεύγοντας παρέδωκε τοῖς Νομάσιν, πρὸς δὲ τὴν τῶν πεζῶν μάχην ἡγεῖτο, σπεύδων παραβοηθῆσαι τοῖς Λίβυσι.
At this moment, Hasdrubal seems to have performed a practical and prudent deed; for seeing that the Numidians were numerous and most effective and terrifying to those who had once given way, he turned over those who were fleeing to the Numidians, while he himself led towards the battle of the infantry, hastening to assist the Libyans.
§3.116.8προσπεσὼν δὲ τοῖς Ῥωμαϊκοῖς στρατοπέδοις κατὰ νώτου καὶ ποιούμενος ἐκ διαδοχῆς ταῖς ἴλαις ἐμβολὰς ἅμα κατὰ πολλοὺς τόπους ἐπέρρωσε μὲν τοὺς Λίβυας, ἐταπείνωσε δὲ καὶ κατέπληξε ταῖς ψυχαῖς τοὺς Ῥωμαίους.
Falling upon the Roman legions from behind and making successive charges with his squadrons in many places at once, he encouraged the Libyans and disheartened and terrified the Romans.
§3.116.9ἐν ᾧ καιρῷ καὶ Λεύκιος Αἰμίλιος περιπεσὼν βιαίοις πληγαῖς ἐν χειρῶν νόμῳ μετήλλαξε τὸν βίον, ἀνὴρ πάντα τὰ δίκαια τῇ πατρίδι κατὰ τὸν λοιπὸν βίον καὶ κατὰ τὸν ἔσχατον καιρόν, εἰ καί τις ἕτερος, ποιήσας.
At this moment, Lucius Aemilius also, receiving severe blows in hand-to-hand combat, met his death, a man who, if anyone else did, had performed all his duties to his country throughout his life and in his final hour.
§3.116.10οἱ δὲ Ῥωμαῖοι μέχρι μὲν ἐμάχοντο κατὰ τὰς ἐπιφανείας στρεφόμενοι πρὸς τοὺς κεκυκλωκότας, ἀντεῖχον· §3.116.11ἀεὶ δὲ τῶν πέριξ ἀπολλυμένων, καὶ κατὰ βραχὺ συγκλειόμενοι, τέλος αὐτοῦ πάντες, ἐν οἷς καὶ Μάρκος καὶ Γνάιος, ἔπεσον, οἱ τὸ πρότερον ἔτος ὕπατοι γεγονότες, ἄνδρες ἀγαθοὶ καὶ τῆς Ῥώμης ἄξιοι γενόμενοι κατὰ τὸν κίνδυνον.
The Romans, as long as they fought turning towards those who had surrounded them on their fronts, held out; but as those around them were constantly being killed, and they were gradually shut in, at last they all fell on the spot, among whom were Marcus and Gnaeus, who had been consuls the previous year, having proved themselves brave men worthy of Rome in the face of danger.
§3.116.12κατὰ δὲ τὸν τούτων φόνον καὶ τὴν συμπλοκὴν οἱ Νομάδες ἑπόμενοι τοῖς φεύγουσι τῶν ἱππέων τοὺς μὲν πλείστους ἀπέκτειναν, τοὺς δὲ κατεκρήμνισαν ἀπὸ τῶν ἵππων.
During their slaughter and the clash, the Numidians, pursuing the fleeing cavalry, killed most of them and threw others from their horses.
§3.116.13ὀλίγοι δέ τινες εἰς Οὐενουσίαν διέφυγον, ἐν οἷς ἦν καὶ Γάιος Τερέντιος ὁ τῶν Ῥωμαίων στρατηγός, ἀνὴρ αἰσχρὰν μὲν τὴν ψυχὴν ἀλυσιτελῆ δὲ τὴν ἀρχὴν τὴν αὑτοῦ τῇ πατρίδι πεποιημένος.
A few escaped to Venusia, among whom was Gaius Terentius, the Roman commander, a man of base character who had made his office unprofitable to his country.

Notes

  1. §3.116.1πεπτωκότας — A perfect participle continuing from the preposition `προς` at the very end of the previous chunk (§3.115.12), forming the complete phrase `τοὺς ἐκ τῶν πλαγίων προσπεπτωκότας` ('those who had fallen upon them from the flanks').
  2. §3.116.2τὸ συνέχον — A nominalized expression meaning 'the decisive factor' or 'the pivot', functioning as the subject of the participle `κείμενον` in the accusative-and-participle construction governed by the verb of perception `θεωρῶν`.
  3. §3.116.9ἐν χειρῶν νόμῳ — Literally 'in the law of hands', this is a Greek idiomatic expression meaning 'in hand-to-hand combat', 'in a melee', or 'by force of arms'.
  4. §3.116.9εἰ καί τις ἕτερος — Literally 'if indeed anyone else [did]', a common idiomatic parenthetical phrase used to express a strong superlative meaning, translated as 'if ever anyone did' or 'more than any other man'.
  5. §3.116.11τῶν πέριξ ἀπολλυμένων — A genitive absolute construction with a present participle, functioning adverbially to describe the pressing, simultaneous circumstance ('while those around them were constantly being killed') affecting the main subject `πάντες`.

Cite this passage

Polybius, The Histories §3.116.1-3.116.13. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0543.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:3.116.1-3.116.13

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