Humanitext Reader

Polybius · The Histories §2.33.1-2.33.9

Defeat of the Gauls and Flaminius's Tactical Flaw

Passage 121 of 1311 · Greek

Summary

The Roman tribunes successfully countered the Insubres by exploiting the weakness of Gallic swords, which bent after the first strike, distributing triarii spears to the front lines and executing thrusting attacks. Conversely, the general Flaminius is criticized for his tactical error of drawing up the battle line too close to the river bank.

§2.33.1δοκοῦσι δʼ ἐμφρόνως κεχρῆσθαι τῇ μάχῃ ταύτῃ Ῥωμαῖοι, τῶν χιλιάρχων ὑποδειξάντων ὡς δεῖ ποιεῖσθαι τὸν ἀγῶνα κοινῇ καὶ κατʼ ἰδίαν ἑκάστους.
The Romans are thought to have managed this battle wisely, since their tribunes instructed them how they must engage in the conflict both collectively and individually.
§2.33.2συνεωρακότες γὰρ ἐκ τῶν προγεγονότων κινδύνων ὅτι τοῖς τε θυμοῖς κατὰ τὴν πρώτην ἔφοδον, ἕως ἂν ἀκέραιον ᾖ, φοβερώτατόν ἐστι πᾶν τὸ Γαλατικὸν φῦλον, §2.33.3αἵ τε μάχαιραι ταῖς κατασκευαῖς, καθάπερ εἴρηται πρότερον, μίαν ἔχουσι τὴν πρώτην καταφορὰν καιρίαν, ἀπὸ δὲ ταύτης εὐθέως ἀποξυστροῦνται, καμπτόμεναι κατὰ μῆκος καὶ κατὰ πλάτος ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον ὥστʼ ἐὰν μὴ δῷ τις ἀναστροφὴν τοῖς χρωμένοις ἐρείσαντας πρὸς τὴν γῆν ἀπευθῦναι τῷ ποδί, τελέως ἄπρακτον εἶναι τὴν δευτέραν πληγὴν αὐτῶν·
For they had perceived from previous dangers that the entire Gallic race is most fearsome in their first onslaught, as long as their spirit is unbroken, and that their swords, owing to their construction, as has been said before, have only their first downward stroke effective, but after this they immediately become blunt, bending along their length and width to such an extent that, unless someone gives the users a respite to straighten them with the foot by pressing them against the ground, their second blow is utterly ineffective.
§2.33.4ἀναδόντες οὖν οἱ χιλίαρχοι τὰ τῶν τριαρίων δόρατα τῶν κατόπιν ἐφεστώτων ταῖς πρώταις σπείραις καὶ παραγγείλαντες ἐκ μεταλήψεως τοῖς ξίφεσι χρῆσθαι συνέβαλον ἐκ παρατάξεως κατὰ πρόσωπον τοῖς Κελτοῖς.
Therefore, the tribunes distributed the spears of the triarii, who were stationed behind, to the first companies, and having ordered them to use their swords in turn, they engaged in close combat face to face with the Celts.
§2.33.5ἅμα δὲ τῷ πρὸς τὰ δόρατα ταῖς πρώταις καταφοραῖς χρωμένων τῶν Γαλατῶν ἀχρειωθῆναι τὰς μαχαίρας συνδραμόντες εἰς τὰς χεῖρας τοὺς μὲν Κελτοὺς ἀπράκτους ἐποίησαν, ἀφελόμενοι τὴν ἐκ διάρσεως αὐτῶν μάχην, ὅπερ ἴδιόν ἐστι Γαλατικῆς χρείας, διὰ τὸ μηδαμῶς κέντημα τὸ ξίφος ἔχειν·
And as soon as the swords of the Gauls were rendered useless by their first downward strokes against the spears, the Romans closed with them and made the Celts helpless, depriving them of their method of fighting by raising their arms—which is peculiar to Gallic practice—because their swords had no point at all.
§2.33.6αὐτοὶ δʼ οὐκ ἐκ καταφορᾶς ἀλλʼ ἐκ διαλήψεως ὀρθαῖς χρώμενοι ταῖς μαχαίραις, πρακτικοῦ τοῦ κεντήματος περὶ αὐτὰς ὑπάρχοντος, τύπτοντες εἰς τὰ στέρνα καὶ τὰ πρόσωπα καὶ πληγὴν ἐπὶ πληγῇ φέροντες διέφθειραν τοὺς πλείστους τῶν παραταξαμένων διὰ τὴν τῶν χιλιάρχων πρόνοιαν.
The Romans themselves, using their swords not for downward strokes but for thrusting straight forward, as the thrust was highly effective for these weapons, struck at their breasts and faces, and delivering blow upon blow, destroyed most of those drawn up in battle, thanks to the foresight of the tribunes.
§2.33.7ὁ μὲν γὰρ στρατηγὸς Φλαμίνιος οὐκ ὀρθῶς δοκεῖ κεχρῆσθαι τῷ προειρημένῳ κινδύνῳ.
For the general Flaminius is thought not to have managed the aforementioned crisis correctly.
παρʼ αὐτὴν γὰρ τὴν ὀφρὺν τοῦ ποταμοῦ ποιησάμενος τὴν ἔκταξιν διέφθειρε τὸ τῆς Ῥωμαϊκῆς μάχης ἴδιον, οὐχ ὑπολειπόμενος τόπον πρὸς τὴν ἐπὶ πόδα ταῖς σπείραις ἀναχώρησιν.
Having drawn up his battle line right upon the edge of the river bank, he ruined what was peculiar to Roman fighting, leaving no space for the companies to retreat step by step.
§2.33.8εἰ γὰρ συνέβη βραχὺ μόνον πιεσθῆναι τῇ χώρᾳ τοὺς ἄνδρας κατὰ τὴν μάχην, ῥίπτειν ἂν εἰς τὸν ποταμὸν αὑτοὺς ἔδει διὰ τὴν ἀστοχίαν τοῦ προεστῶτος.
For if it had happened that the men were pressed back even slightly in their position during the battle, they would have had to throw themselves into the river owing to the error of their leader.
§2.33.9οὐ μὴν ἀλλά γε πολλῷ νικήσαντες ταῖς σφετέραις ἀρεταῖς, καθάπερ εἶπον, καὶ παμπληθοῦς μὲν λείας, οὐκ ὀλίγων δὲ σκύλων κρατήσαντες ἐπανῆλθον εἰς τὴν Ῥώμην.
Nevertheless, having won a great victory by their own valor, as I said, and having secured an immense amount of booty and no small number of spoils, they returned to Rome.

Notes

  1. §2.33.3ὥστʼ ἐὰν μὴ δῷ τις ἀναστροφὴν τοῖς χρωμένοις ἐρείσαντας πρὸς τὴν γῆν ἀπευθῦναι τῷ ποδί — Inside the consecutive clause introduced by `ὥστε`, a conditional clause `ἐὰν μὴ δῷ τις...` is nested. The accusative plural participle `ἐρείσαντας` acts as the logical subject of the infinitive `ἀπευθῦναι`. Grammatically, it refers back to the 'users' (`τοῖς χρωμένοις`), shifting from the dative to the general accusative subject required by the infinitive.
  2. §2.33.4ἐκ μεταλήψεως — An idiomatic expression meaning 'in turn' or 'alternately.' Here it refers to the tactical sequence where the Roman soldiers first received the spears of the triarii in the front line to parry the initial blows, and then 'switched to' (or used in alternation) their own swords.
  3. §2.33.8ῥίπτειν ἂν εἰς τὸν ποταμὸν αὑτοὺς ἔδει — The apodosis of a past counterfactual condition corresponding to the protasis `εἰ γὰρ συνέβη`. While past indicative impersonal verbs of necessity like `ἔδει` usually express counterfactual situations without the particle `ἄν`, here `ἄν` is attached to the infinitive `ῥίπτειν` to reinforce the conditional potentiality ('they would have had to throw').

Cite this passage

Polybius, The Histories §2.33.1-2.33.9. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0543.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:2.33.1-2.33.9

Please note the AI-draft status of the translation and the date accessed.

Translation, notes and summary are AI-generated drafts, revised through reader feedback.