§18.18.1ὁ δὲ Τίτος οὐ δυνάμενος ἐπιγνῶναι τοὺς πολεμίους ᾗ στρατοπεδεύουσι, τοῦτο δὲ σαφῶς εἰδὼς ὅτι πάρεισιν εἰς Θετταλίαν, προσέταξε κόπτειν χάρακα πᾶσιν ἕνεκα τοῦ παρακομίζειν μεθʼ αὑτῶν πρὸς τὰς ἐκ τοῦ καιροῦ χρείας.
Titus, being unable to discover where the enemy were encamped, but knowing clearly that they were in Thessaly, ordered all his men to cut stakes, in order to carry them with themselves for requirements arising from the occasion.
§18.18.2τοῦτο δὲ κατὰ μὲν τὴν Ἑλληνικὴν ἀγωγὴν ἀδύνατον εἶναι δοκεῖ, κατὰ δὲ τὴν τῶν Ῥωμαίων εὔκοπον.
This seems impossible according to the Greek practice, but easy according to that of the Romans.
§18.18.3οἱ μὲν γὰρ Ἕλληνες μόλις αὐτῶν κρατοῦσι τῶν σαρισῶν ἐν ταῖς πορείαις καὶ μόλις ὑπομένουσι τὸν ἀπὸ τούτων κόπον, §18.18.4Ῥωμαῖοι δὲ τοὺς μὲν θυρεοὺς τοῖς ὀχεῦσι τοῖς σκυτίνοις ἐκ τῶν ὤμων ἐξηρτηκότες, ταῖς δὲ χερσὶν αὐτοὺς τοὺς γαίσους φέροντες, ἐπιδέχονται τὴν παρακομιδὴν τοῦ χάρακος.
For the Greeks can scarcely hold their sarissas during marches and can scarcely bear the fatigue caused by them, whereas the Romans, having hung their shields from their shoulders by leather straps, and carrying only their javelins in their hands, are capable of carrying stakes as well.
§18.18.5ἅμα δὲ καὶ μεγάλην εἶναι συμβαίνει τὴν διαφορὰν τούτων·
At the same time, there is also a great difference between these stakes.
§18.18.6οἱ μὲν γὰρ Ἕλληνες τοῦτον ἡγοῦνται χάρακα βέλτιστον, ὃς ἂν ἔχῃ πλείστας ἐκφύσεις καὶ μεγίστας πέριξ τοῦ πρέμνου, §18.18.7παρὰ δὲ Ῥωμαίοις δύο κεραίας ἢ τρεῖς ἔχουσιν οἱ χάρακες, ὁ δὲ πλείστας τέτταρας· καὶ ταύτας ἔχοντες λαμβάνονται §18.18.8οὐκ ἐναλλάξ.
For the Greeks consider that stake best which has the most and largest branches around the trunk, but among the Romans the stakes have two or three branches, or at most four; and they have these not growing alternately.
ἐκ δὲ τούτου συμβαίνει τήν τε κομιδὴν εὐχερῆ γίνεσθαι τελέως — ὁ γὰρ εἷς ἀνὴρ φέρει τρεῖς καὶ τέτταρας συνθεὶς ἐπʼ ἀλλήλους — §18.18.9τήν τε χρείαν ἀσφαλῆ διαφερόντως.
Consequently, the carrying of them becomes completely easy—for one man carries three or four stakes placed upon one another— and their use is exceptionally secure.
ὁ μὲν γὰρ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ὅταν τεθῇ πρὸ τῆς παρεμβολῆς, πρῶτον μέν ἐστιν εὐδιάσπαστος· §18.18.10ὅταν γὰρ τὸ μὲν κρατοῦν καὶ πιεζούμενον ὑπὸ τῆς γῆς ἓν ὑπάρχῃ μόνον, αἱ δʼ ἀποφύσεις ἐκ τούτου πολλαὶ καὶ μεγάλαι, κἄπειτα δύο παραστάντες ἢ τρεῖς ἐκ τῶν ἀποφύσεων ἐπισπάσωνται τὸν αὐτὸν χάρακα, ῥᾳδίως ἐκσπᾶται.
For that of the Greeks, when placed in front of the camp, is in the first place easily pulled apart; for when the part that holds and is pressed down by the earth is only one, while the branches from it are many and large, and then two or three men stand by and pull at the same stake by its branches, it is easily pulled out.
§18.18.11τούτου δὲ συμβάντος εὐθέως πύλη γίνεται διὰ τὸ μέγεθος καὶ τὰ παρακείμενα λέλυται, τῷ βραχείας τὰς εἰς ἀλλήλους ἐμπλοκὰς καὶ τὰς ἐπαλλάξεις γίνεσθαι τοῦ τοιούτου χάρακος.
When this happens, a gap is immediately made because of its size, and the adjacent stakes are loosened, since the interlocking and overlapping of such stakes with one another is slight.
§18.18.12παρὰ δὲ Ῥωμαίοις συμβαίνει τοὐναντίον.
But with the Romans the opposite happens.
τιθέασι γὰρ εὐθέως ἐμπλέκοντες εἰς ἀλλήλους οὕτως ὥστε μήτε τὰς κεραίας εὐχερῶς ἐπιγνῶναι, ποίας εἰσὶν ἐκφύσεως τῶν ἐν τῇ γῇ κατωρυγμένων, μήτε τὰς ἐκφύσεις, ποίων κεραιῶν.
For they place them, immediately interlocking them with one another in such a way that it is neither easy to distinguish which branches belong to which trunks buried in the earth, nor which trunks belong to which branches.
§18.18.13λοιπὸν οὔτʼ ἐπιλαβέσθαι παρείραντα τὴν χεῖρα δυνατόν, ἅτε πυκνῶν οὐσῶν καὶ προσπιπτουσῶν αὑταῖς, ἔτι δὲ φιλοπόνως ἀπωξυμμένων τῶν κεραιῶν, §18.18.14οὔτʼ ἐπιλαβόμενον ἐκσπάσαι ῥᾴδιον διὰ τὸ πρῶτον μὲν πάσας τὰς προσβολὰς σχεδὸν αὐτοκράτορα τὴν ἐκ τῆς γῆς δύναμιν ἔχειν, §18.18.15δεύτερον δὲ τῷ τὸν μίαν ἐπισπώμενον κεραίαν πολλοὺς ἀναγκάζεσθαι πειθομένους ἅμα βαστάζειν διὰ τὴν εἰς ἀλλήλους ἐμπλοκήν· δύο δὲ καὶ τρεῖς ἐπιλαβέσθαι ταὐτοῦ χάρακος οὐδʼ ὅλως εἰκός.
Consequently, it is impossible even to insert one's hand and grasp them, because the branches are dense and lie close to one another, and moreover their points are carefully sharpened; nor, if one does grasp them, is it easy to pull them out, because, in the first place, against all attacks, the resistance from the earth is almost completely self-sufficient, and secondly, because the person who pulls at one branch is forced to lift many other stakes together with it, because of their interlocking; and it is not at all likely that two or three men can grasp the same stake.
§18.18.16ἐὰν δέ ποτε καὶ κατακρατήσας ἐκσπάσῃ τις ἕνα καὶ δεύτερον, ἀνεπιγνώστως γίνεται τὸ διάστημα.
And even if someone should overcome this and pull out one or two, the gap remains unnoticeable.
§18.18.17διὸ καὶ μεγάλης οὔσης διαφορᾶς τῷ καὶ τὴν εὕρεσιν ἑτοίμην εἶναι τοῦ τοιούτου χάρακος καὶ τὴν κομιδὴν εὐχερῆ καὶ τὴν χρείαν ἀσφαλῆ καὶ μόνιμον, §18.18.18φανερὸν ὡς εἰ καί τι τῶν ἄλλων πολεμικῶν ἔργων ἄξιον ζήλου καὶ μιμήσεως ὑπάρχει παρὰ Ῥωμαίοις, καὶ τοῦτο, κατά γε τὴν ἐμὴν γνώμην.
Therefore, as there is a great difference in the fact that the procuring of such stakes is ready, their carrying easy, and their use secure and durable, it is clear that, if any other of the military practices among the Romans is worthy of emulation and imitation, this is so too, at least in my opinion.