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Polybius · The Histories §14.8.1-14.8.14

Battle of the Great Plains and Celtiberian Stand

Passage 804 of 1311 · Greek

Summary

The Roman army under Publius and the combined forces of Syphax and Hasdrubal clash at the Great Plains, where the Celtiberians in the center fight bravely to the death, allowing the enemy commanders to retreat safely.

§14.8.1ὧν διασαφηθέντων εἰς τὸ τῶν Ῥωμαίων στρατόπεδον εὐθέως ὁ Πόπλιος ἐγίνετο περὶ τὴν ἔξοδον, καὶ συντάξας τοῖς πολιορκοῦσι τὴν Ἰτύκην ἃ δέον ἦν πράττειν καὶ τοῖς κατὰ θάλατταν ἐξώρμησε, τὸ στράτευμα πᾶν ἔχων εὔζωνον.
As soon as these tidings were made clear to the Roman camp, Publius immediately occupied himself with his departure, and after instructing those besieging Utica and those at sea as to what was necessary to do, he set forth, having his entire army in light marching order.
§14.8.2ἀφικόμενος δὲ πεμπταῖος ἐπὶ τὰ Μεγάλα πεδία καὶ συνεγγίσας τοῖς πολεμίοις, τὴν μὲν πρώτην ἡμέραν ἐπί τινος λόφου κατεστρατοπέδευσε, περὶ τριάκοντα σταδίους ἀποσχὼν τῶν πολεμίων, §14.8.3τῇ δʼ ἑξῆς καταβὰς εἰς τὰ πεδία καὶ προθέμενος τοὺς ἱππέας ἐν ἑπτὰ σταδίοις παρενέβαλε.
Arriving on the fifth day at the Great Plains and drawing near to the enemy, on the first day he encamped on a certain hill, at a distance of about thirty stades from the enemy; but on the next day, descending into the plains and placing his cavalry in front, he drew up his army at a distance of seven stades.
§14.8.4δύο δὲ τὰς κατὰ πόδας ἡμέρας μείναντες καὶ βραχέα διὰ τῶν ἀκροβολισμῶν καταπειράσαντες ἀλλήλων, τῇ τετάρτῃ κατὰ πρόθεσιν ἐξῆγον ἀμφότεροι καὶ παρενέβαλλον τὰς δυνάμεις.
Remaining there for the two following days and trying each other's strength slightly by skirmishing, on the fourth day, by mutual design, both led out and drew up their forces.
§14.8.5ὁ μὲν οὖν Πόπλιος ἁπλῶς κατὰ τὸ παρʼ αὐτοῖς ἔθος ἔθηκε πρῶτον μὲν τὰς τῶν ἁστάτων σημαίας, ἐπὶ δὲ ταύταις τὰς τῶν πριγκίπων, τελευταίας δʼ ἐπέστησε κατόπιν τὰς τῶν τριαρίων·
Publius, simply following their customary fashion, placed first the maniples of the hastati, behind them those of the principes, and finally stationed the triarii in the rear.
§14.8.6τῶν δʼ ἱππέων τοὺς μὲν Ἰταλικοὺς ἐπὶ τὸ δεξιὸν ἔθηκε, τοὺς δὲ Νομάδας καὶ Μασαννάσαν ἐπὶ τὸ λαιόν.
Of the cavalry, he placed the Italian horse on the right wing, and the Numidians and Masinissa on the left.
§14.8.7οἱ δὲ περὶ τὸν Σόφακα καὶ τὸν Ἀσδρούβαν τοὺς μὲν Κελτίβηρας μέσους ἔταξαν ἀντίους ταῖς τῶν Ῥωμαίων σπείραις, τοὺς δὲ Νομάδας ἐξ εὐωνύμου, τοὺς δὲ Καρχηδονίους ἐκ τῶν δεξιῶν.
Syphax and Hasdrubal stationed the Celtiberians in the center, opposite the Roman maniples, the Numidians on the left wing, and the Carthaginians on the right.
§14.8.8ἅμα δὲ τῷ γενέσθαι τὴν πρώτην ἔφοδον εὐθέως οἱ Νομάδες ἐνέκλιναν τοὺς Ἰταλικοὺς ἱππεῖς, οἵ τε Καρχηδόνιοι τοὺς περὶ τὸν Μασαννάσαν, ἅτε πλεονάκις ἤδη προηττημένοι ταῖς ψυχαῖς.
At the very first onset, the Numidians immediately gave way before the Italian cavalry, and the Carthaginians before Masinissa's men, since they had already been repeatedly defeated in spirit.
§14.8.9οἱ δὲ Κελτίβηρες ἐμάχοντο γενναίως, συστάντες τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις. οὔτε γὰρ φεύγοντες ἐλπίδα σωτηρίας εἶχον διὰ τὴν ἀπειρίαν τῶν τόπων οὔτε ζωγρίᾳ κρατηθέντες διὰ τὴν ἀθεσίαν τὴν εἰς τὸν Πόπλιον·
But the Celtiberians fought bravely, standing their ground against the Romans; for they had no hope of safety if they fled, owing to their ignorance of the country, nor if they were taken alive, because of their perfidy toward Publius.
§14.8.10οὐδὲν γὰρ πολέμιον πεπονθότες ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ κατὰ τὰς ἐν Ἰβηρίᾳ πράξεις ἀδίκως ἐφαίνοντο καὶ παρασπόνδως ἥκειν κατὰ Ῥωμαίων συμμαχήσοντες τοῖς Καρχηδονίοις.
For having suffered no hostile treatment from him during his operations in Iberia, they appeared to have come unjustly and in violation of their treaty to fight against the Romans in alliance with the Carthaginians.
§14.8.11οὐ μὴν ἀλλʼ ἅμα τῷ κλῖναι τοὺς ἀπὸ τῶν κεράτων ταχέως κυκλωθέντες ὑπὸ τῶν πριγκίπων καὶ τριαρίων αὐτοῦ κατεκόπησαν πάντες πλὴν τελέως ὀλίγων.
Nevertheless, as soon as those on the wings gave way, being quickly surrounded by the principes and triarii, they were all cut to pieces on the spot, except a very few.
§14.8.12οἱ μὲν οὖν Κελτίβηρες τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον ἀπώλοντο, μεγάλην [παρʼ ὅλην] παρασχόμενοι χρείαν τοῖς Καρχηδονίοις οὐ μόνον κατὰ τὴν μάχην, ἀλλὰ καὶ κατὰ τὴν φυγήν.
In this manner, then, the Celtiberians perished, having rendered great service to the Carthaginians not only during the battle, but also during the flight.
§14.8.13εἰ μὴ γὰρ τοῦτʼ ἐμπόδιον ἐγένετο τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις, ἀλλʼ εὐθέως ἐκ ποδὸς ἠκολούθησαν τοῖς φεύγουσι, παντελῶς ἂν ὀλίγοι διέφυγον τῶν ὑπεναντίων.
For had this not been an obstacle to the Romans, and had they instead pursued the fugitives immediately hot foot, very few indeed of the enemy would have escaped.
§14.8.14νῦν δὲ περὶ τούτους γενομένης ἐπιστάσεως οἵ τε περὶ τὸν Σόφακα μετὰ τῶν ἱππέων ἀσφαλῶς ἐποιήσαντο τὴν ἀποχώρησιν εἰς τὴν οἰκείαν, οἵ τε περὶ τὸν Ἀσδρούβαν μετὰ τῶν διασῳζομένων εἰς τὴν Καρχηδόνα.
But as it was, a delay having occurred around these men, Syphax with his cavalry made his retreat safely to his own country, and Hasdrubal with the survivors to Carthage.

Notes

  1. 14.8.8ἐνέκλιναν τοὺς Ἰταλικοὺς ἱππεῖς — The verb ἐγκλίνω, which usually means 'to give way' (intransitive) or 'to defeat' (transitive), is used here intransitively with an accusative object ('gave way before the Italian cavalry'). Since the Romans won the battle and the Carthaginians/Numidians fled, an intransitive reading is syntactically necessary.
  2. 14.8.13εἰ μὴ γὰρ τοῦτʼ ἐμπόδιον ἐγένετο τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις, ἀλλʼ εὐθέως ἐκ ποδὸς ἠκολούθησαν τοῖς φεύγουσι, παντελῶς ἂν ὀλίγοι διέφυγον τῶν ὑπεναντίων — A past counterfactual conditional sentence. Both the protasis (εἰ μὴ ... ἐγένετο ... ἠκολούθησαν) and the apodosis (ἄν ... διέφυγον) employ past indicative verbs to express what would have happened in the past but did not.

Cite this passage

Polybius, The Histories §14.8.1-14.8.14. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0543.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:14.8.1-14.8.14

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