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Polybius · The Histories §1.76.1-1.76.11

Hamilcar's Feigned Retreat and Defeat of Spendius

Passage 76 of 1311 · Greek

Summary

Hamilcar defeated the rebel forces led by Spendius through a clever feigned retreat tactic, recaptured the town on the bridge, and restored hope to the Carthaginian citizens.

§1.76.1τὴν γέφυραν φυλάττοντας.
who were guarding the bridge.
οἱ δὲ περὶ τὸν Σπένδιον συνέντες τὸ γεγονὸς ἀπήντων εἰς τὸ πεδίον καὶ παρεβοήθουν ἀλλήλοις, οἱ μὲν ἐκ τῆς περὶ τὴν γέφυραν πόλεως ὄντες οὐκ ἐλάττους μυρίων, οἱ δʼ ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰτύκης ὑπὲρ τοὺς μυρίους καὶ πεντακισχιλίους.
Spendius and his men, realizing what had happened, came out to meet them in the plain and brought mutual aid to one another, those from the town near the bridge being no fewer than ten thousand, and those from Utica more than fifteen thousand.
§1.76.2ἐπεὶ δʼ εἰς σύνοπτον ἧκον ἀλλήλοις, νομίσαντες ἐν μέσῳ τοὺς Καρχηδονίους ἀπειληφέναι, σπουδῇ παρηγγύων ἅμα παρακαλοῦντες σφᾶς αὐτοὺς καὶ συνῆπτον τοῖς πολεμίοις.
When they came in sight of each other, thinking they had caught the Carthaginians in the middle, they passed the word in haste, encouraging one another, and engaged the enemy.
§1.76.3ὁ δʼ Ἀμίλκας ἦγε μὲν τὴν πορείαν πρώτους ἔχων τοὺς ἐλέφαντας, ἐπὶ δὲ τούτοις τοὺς ἱππεῖς καὶ τοὺς εὐζώνους, τελευταῖα δὲ τὰ βαρέα τῶν ὅπλων.
Hamilcar was leading the march with the elephants in front, the cavalry and light-armed troops behind them, and the heavy-armed infantry in the rear.
§1.76.4κατιδὼν δὲ προχειρότερον ἐπιφερομένους τοὺς ὑπεναντίους, ἀναστρέφειν παρήγγειλε πᾶσι τοῖς ἑαυτοῦ.
But seeing that the enemy were attacking rather headlong, he ordered all his own men to face about.
§1.76.5καὶ τοὺς μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς πρωτοπορείας ἀναστρέψαντας σπουδῇ ποιεῖσθαι τὴν ἀποχώρησιν ἐκέλευσε· τοὺς δʼ ἐπὶ τῆς οὐραγίας ἐξ ἀρχῆς ὑπάρχοντας ἐξ ἐπιστροφῆς περισπῶν ἐξέταττε πρὸς τὴν τῶν πολεμίων ἐπιφάνειαν.
He commanded those of the vanguard, having wheeled round, to make their retreat in haste, while those who were from the beginning in the rear, he turned about and wheeled round, drawing them up to face the onset of the enemy.
§1.76.6οἱ δὲ Λίβυες καὶ μισθοφόροι νομίσαντες αὐτοὺς καταπεπληγμένους φυγεῖν, λύσαντες τὴν τάξιν ἐπέκειντο καὶ συνῆπτον εἰς τὰς χεῖρας ἐρρωμένως.
The Libyans and mercenaries, thinking that they had fled in terror, broke their ranks and pressed upon them, engaging vigorously hand to hand.
§1.76.7ἅμα δὲ τῷ τοὺς ἱππεῖς συνεγγίσαντας τοῖς παρατεταγμένοις ἐκ μεταβολῆς ὑποστῆναι, τὴν δὲ λοιπὴν δύναμιν ἐπάγειν, ἐκπλαγεῖς γινόμενοι διὰ τὸ παράδοξον οἱ Λίβυες ἐγκλίναντες εὐθέως ἔφευγον, ὡς ἂν εἰκῇ καὶ σποράδην ἐπικείμενοι.
But as soon as the cavalry, on drawing near the drawn-up line, wheeled round and made a stand, while the rest of the force advanced to the attack, the Libyans, struck with panic at the unexpectedness of the thing, immediately turned and fled, as they had been attacking in disorder and in scattered groups.
§1.76.8λοιπὸν οἱ μὲν τοῖς κατόπιν ἐπιφερομένοις περιπίπτοντες ἐσφάλλοντο καὶ διέφθειρον αὑτούς τε καὶ τοὺς οἰκείους· οἱ δὲ πλείους συνεπατήθησαν, ἐκ χειρὸς τῶν ἱππέων ἐπικειμένων αὐτοῖς καὶ τῶν θηρίων.
Consequently, some fell upon those who were rushing up behind them and were thrown into confusion, destroying both themselves and their comrades; but the majority were trampled to death, as the cavalry and the beasts were pressing upon them at close quarters.
§1.76.9ἀπώλοντο μὲν οὖν εἰς ἑξακισχιλίους τῶν Λιβύων καὶ τῶν ξένων, ἑάλωσαν δὲ περὶ δισχιλίους· οἱ δὲ λοιποὶ διέφυγον, οἱ μὲν εἰς τὴν πρὸς τῇ γεφύρᾳ πόλιν, οἱ δʼ ἐπὶ τὴν πρὸς Ἰτύκῃ παρεμβολήν.
Thus about six thousand of the Libyans and mercenaries perished, and about two thousand were taken prisoners; the rest escaped, some to the town near the bridge, others to the camp before Utica.
§1.76.10Ἀμίλκας δὲ ποιήσας τὸ προτέρημα τὸν προειρημένον τρόπον, εἵπετο κατὰ πόδας τοῖς πολεμίοις καὶ τὴν μὲν ἐπὶ τῆς γεφύρας πόλιν ἐξ ἐφόδου κατέσχεν, προεμένων καὶ φευγόντων εἰς τὸν Τύνητα τῶν ἐν αὐτῇ πολεμίων, τὴν δὲ λοιπὴν χώραν ἐπιπορευόμενος τὰς μὲν προσήγετο, πλείστας δὲ κατὰ κράτος ἐξῄρει.
Hamilcar, having gained the advantage in the aforementioned manner, followed close upon the heels of the enemy and captured the town on the bridge by assault, the enemy therein having abandoned it and fled to Tunis; and traversing the rest of the country, he won over some of the towns, and took most of them by force.
§1.76.11τοῖς δὲ Καρχηδονίοις βραχύ τι θάρσους ἐνειργάσατο καὶ τόλμης, ἐπὶ ποσὸν αὐτοὺς ἀπαλλάξας τῆς προγεγενημένης δυσελπιστίας.
And he inspired the Carthaginians with some courage and confidence, delivering them to a certain extent from their previous despondency.

Notes

  1. 1.76.1τὴν γέφυραν φυλάττοντας. — Grammatically, this phrase is a continuation of the end of the previous chunk: `ἐπὶ τοὺς` ("towards those"). The present participle accusative plural `φυλάττοντας` modifies the accusative plural article/demonstrative pronoun `τοὺς`. Although there is a visual division due to the chapter break, it semantically forms a single continuous sentence: "he marched towards those who were guarding the bridge."
  2. 1.76.5τοὺς δʼ ἐπὶ τῆς οὐραγίας ἐξ ἀρχῆς ὑπάρχοντας ἐξ ἐπιστροφῆς περισπῶν ἐξέταττε — This sentence explains the clever wheeling maneuver (feigned retreat) used by Hamilcar. While he ordered the vanguard to wheel round and retreat (`...ἀποχώρησιν ἐκέλευσε`), he "wheeled round" (`περισπῶν`) the heavy infantry who were originally in the rear (`τοὺς ἐπὶ τῆς οὐραγίας ἐξ ἀρχῆς ὑπάρχοντας`) "by a counter-march" (`ἐξ ἐπιστροφῆς`) and "drew them up" (`ἐξέταττε`) to face the enemy. This tactical movement allowed the retreating vanguard to withdraw behind the solid defensive line of the rearguard.
  3. 1.76.7ἅμα δὲ τῷ τοὺς ἱππεῖς συνεγγίσαντας τοῖς παρατεταγμένοις ἐκ μεταβολῆς ὑποστῆναι, τὴν δὲ λοιπὴν δύναμιν ἐπάγειν — The preposition `ἅμα` combined with the dative article `τῷ` governs the infinitives `ὑποστῆναι` and `ἐπάγειν`, forming a temporal construction meaning "at the same time as..." or "as soon as...". The accusatives `τοὺς ἱππεῖς` and `τὴν δὲ λοιπὴν δύναμιν` function as the subject accusatives of these infinitives. `συνεγγίσαντας` is an aorist participle modifying `τοὺς ἱππεῖς`, indicating their action of "having drawn near" the drawn-up line before making their stand.
  4. 1.76.10προεμένων καὶ φευγόντων εἰς τὸν Τύνητα τῶν ἐν αὐτῇ πολεμίων — A genitive absolute construction with `τῶν ἐν αὐτῇ πολεμίων` acting as the subject. The present participles `προεμένων` (abandoning the town) and `φευγόντων` (fleeing) describe the circumstances under which the town was taken, indicating that the enemy inside had already given up defense and fled to Tunis.

Cite this passage

Polybius, The Histories §1.76.1-1.76.11. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0543.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:1.76.1-1.76.11

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