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Polybius · The Histories §1.1.1-1.1.6

The Value of History and the Subject of Roman Dominance

Passage 1 of 1311 · Greek

Summary

Polybius argues that while there is no need to repeat the praises of history as his predecessors have already done so, the unprecedented nature of the events—namely, how Rome conquered the inhabited world in less than fifty-three years—is in itself sufficient to draw readers to his work.

§1.1.1εἰ μὲν τοῖς πρὸ ἡμῶν ἀναγράφουσι τὰς πράξεις παραλελεῖφθαι συνέβαινε τὸν ὑπὲρ αὐτῆς τῆς ἱστορίας ἔπαινον, ἴσως ἀναγκαῖον ἦν τὸ προτρέπεσθαι πάντας πρὸς τὴν αἵρεσιν καὶ παραδοχὴν τῶν τοιούτων ὑπομνημάτων διὰ τὸ μηδεμίαν ἑτοιμοτέραν εἶναι τοῖς ἀνθρώποις διόρθωσιν τῆς τῶν προγεγενημένων πράξεων ἐπιστήμης.
If it had happened that the praise of history itself was omitted by those who recorded achievements before us, it would perhaps have been necessary to encourage everyone to choose and accept such memoirs, since there is no readier correction for mankind than the knowledge of past transactions.
§1.1.2ἐπεὶ δʼ οὐ τινὲς οὐδʼ ἐπὶ ποσόν, ἀλλὰ πάντες ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν ἀρχῇ καὶ τέλει κέχρηνται τούτῳ, φάσκοντες ἀληθινωτάτην μὲν εἶναι παιδείαν καὶ γυμνασίαν πρὸς τὰς πολιτικὰς πράξεις τὴν ἐκ τῆς ἱστορίας μάθησιν, ἐναργεστάτην δὲ καὶ μόνην διδάσκαλον τοῦ δύνασθαι τὰς τῆς τύχης μεταβολὰς γενναίως ὑποφέρειν τὴν τῶν ἀλλοτρίων περιπετειῶν ὑπόμνησιν, §1.1.3δῆλον ὡς οὐδενὶ μὲν ἂν δόξαι καθήκειν περὶ τῶν καλῶς καὶ πολλοῖς εἰρημένων ταυτολογεῖν, ἥκιστα δʼ ἡμῖν.
But since not just some, nor to a limited extent, but almost all, so to speak, have made this their starting point and conclusion, asserting that the study of history is the truest education and training for political action, and that the recollection of other people's vicissitudes is the clearest and indeed the only teacher of the ability to bear the changes of fortune with dignity, it is clear that to repeat what has already been well and frequently said would seem appropriate to no one, and least of all to us.
αὐτὸ γὰρ τὸ παράδοξον τῶν πράξεων, §1.1.4ὑπὲρ ὧν προῃρήμεθα γράφειν, ἱκανόν ἐστι προκαλέσασθαι καὶ παρορμῆσαι πάντα καὶ νέον καὶ πρεσβύτερον πρὸς τὴν ἔντευξιν τῆς πραγματείας.
For the very extraordinary nature of the events, about which we have chosen to write, is sufficient to challenge and stimulate everyone, both young and old, to the reading of this work.
§1.1.5τίς γὰρ οὕτως ὑπάρχει φαῦλος ἢ ῥᾴθυμος ἀνθρώπων ὃς οὐκ ἂν βούλοιτο γνῶναι πῶς καὶ τίνι γένει πολιτείας ἐπικρατηθέντα σχεδὸν ἅπαντα τὰ κατὰ τὴν οἰκουμένην οὐχ ὅλοις πεντήκοντα καὶ τρισὶν ἔτεσιν ὑπὸ μίαν ἀρχὴν ἔπεσε τὴν Ῥωμαίων, ὃ πρότερον οὐχ εὑρίσκεται γεγονός,
For who among men is so worthless or indolent that he would not wish to know how, and under what kind of constitution, almost the whole inhabited world was conquered and fell under the single dominion of the Romans in not quite fifty-three years—a thing which is not found to have happened before?
§1.1.6τίς δὲ πάλιν οὕτως ἐκπαθὴς πρός τι τῶν ἄλλων θεαμάτων ἢ μαθημάτων ὃς προυργιαίτερον ἄν τι ποιήσαιτο τῆσδε τῆς ἐμπειρίας;
Or who, again, is so passionately devoted to any other spectacle or study that he would consider anything to be of greater importance than this experience?

Notes

  1. §1.1.1τοῖς πρὸ ἡμῶν ἀναγράφουσι τὰς πράξεις παραλελεῖφθαι συνέβαινε — The dative phrase 'τοῖς ... ἀναγράφουσι' (those who recorded...) depends on the verb 'συνέβαινε' (it happened), with the passive infinitive 'παραλελεῖφθαι' (to have been omitted) acting as the subject of 'συνέβαινε'. Thus, it is construed as 'if it had happened to those who recorded the deeds before us that the praise... was omitted'.
  2. §1.1.2ἀρχῇ καὶ τέλει κέχρηνται τούτῳ — The verb 'κέχρηνται' (have used) takes 'τούτῳ' (this, i.e., the praise of history) as its dative object. The coordinates 'ἀρχῇ καὶ τέλει' (as beginning and end) function predicatively in the dative, forming an idiomatic expression meaning 'they have made this their starting point and conclusion' (i.e., they dwell on it from beginning to end).
  3. §1.1.5ἐπικρατηθέντα — The aorist passive participle of 'ἐπικρατέω' (to rule over, conquer), in the neuter plural accusative, agreeing with the subject of the indirect question 'σχεδὸν ἅπαντα τὰ κατὰ τὴν οἰκουμένην' (almost the whole inhabited world). It expresses a circumstantial relation (such as result or means) modifying the main verb 'ἔπεσε' (fell).
  4. §1.1.5οὐχ ὅλοις πεντήκοντα καὶ τρισὶν ἔτεσιν — A dative of 'time within which'. The phrase 'οὐχ ὅλοις' (not whole) modifies the numeral to mean 'less than' or 'not quite'. Thus, the phrase means 'in not quite fifty-three years'.

Cite this passage

Polybius, The Histories §1.1.1-1.1.6. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0543.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:1.1.1-1.1.6

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