§106καὶ κατ’ ἄλλους δὲ πλείους τρόπους τὰς κινήσεις ταύτας τῆς γῆς γίνεσθαι. (τὰ δὲ πνεύματα συμβαίνει γίνεσθαι κατὰ χρόνον ἀλλοφυλίας τινὸς ἀεὶ καὶ κατὰ μικρὸν παρεισδυομένης, καὶ καθ’ ὕδατος ἀφθόνου συλλογήν· [τὰ δὲ λοιπὰ πνεύματα γίνεται] καὶ ὀλίγων πεσόντων εἰς τὰ πολλὰ κοιλώματα, διαδόσεως τούτων γινομένης. )
Χάλαζα συντελεῖται καὶ κατὰ πῆξιν ἰσχυροτέραν, πάντοθεν δὲ πνευματωδῶν περίστασιν τινῶν καὶ καταμέρισιν· καὶ 〈κατὰ〉 πῆξιν μετριωτέραν, ὑδατοειδῶν 〈δέ〉 τινων ὁμούρησιν ἅμα τήν τε σύνωσιν αὐτῶν ποιουμένην καὶ τὴν διάρρηξιν πρὸς τὸ κατὰ μέρη συνίστασθαι πηγνύμενα καὶ κατὰ ἀθρότητα.
And that these movements of the earth also occur in several other ways. (And winds happen to occur at the time of some foreign matter always and gradually creeping in, and by the collection of abundant water; and by a few having fallen into the many cavities, when a transmission of these occurs.) Hail is accomplished both by a stronger freezing, and by some windy elements surrounding [it] on all sides and being partitioned; and by a more moderate freezing, when the neighborhood of some watery elements produces at the same time both their compression and rupture, so as to form them into parts, being frozen, and also in a mass.
§107ἡ δὲ περιφέρεια οὐκ ἀδυνάτως μὲν ἔχει γίνεσθαι πάντοθεν τῶν ἄκρων ἀποτηκομένων καὶ ἐν τῇ συστάσει πάντοθεν, ὡς λέγεται, κατὰ μέρη ὁμαλῶς περισταμένων εἴτε ὑδατοειδῶν τινων εἴτε πνευματωδῶν.
And its round shape is not impossible to occur by the extremities being melted away on all sides, and during the combination, by some elements, whether watery or windy, being evenly surrounding it on all sides, as is said, part by part.
Χιόνα δὲ ἐνδέχεται συντελεῖσθαι καὶ ὕδατος λεπτοῦ ἐκχεομένου ἐκ τῶν νεφῶν (διὰ πόρων συμμετρίας καὶ θλίψεως ἐπιτηδείων νεφῶν καὶ ὑπὸ πνεύματος σπορᾶς), εἶτα τούτου πῆξιν ἐν τῇ φορᾷ λαμβάνοντος διά τινα ἰσχυρὰν ἐν τοῖς κατώτερον τόποις τῶν νεφῶν ψυχρασίας περίστασιν· καὶ κατὰ πῆξιν δ’ ἐν τοῖς νέφεσιν ὁμαλῆ ἀραιότητα ἔχουσαν τοιαύτη πρόεσις ἐκ τῶν νεφῶν γίνοιτο ἂν πρὸς ἄλληλα θλιβομένων, ὑδατοειδῶν τινων συμπαρακειμένων (ἃ οἱονεὶ σύνωσιν ποιούμενα χάλαζαν ἀποτελεῖ, ὃ μάλιστα γίνεται ἐν τῷ ἀέρι)· §108καὶ κατὰ τρῖψιν δὲ νεφῶν πῆξιν εἰληφότων ἀπόπαλσιν ἂν λαμβάνοι τὸ τῆς χιόνος τοῦτο ἄθροισμα.
And snow can be accomplished both by fine water being poured out from the clouds (through the symmetry of pores and the compression of suitable clouds, and by the scattering of wind), and then this receiving freezing in its descent due to some intense surrounding of cold in the places below the clouds; and also by a freezing in the clouds having an even looseness, such a discharge from the clouds might occur when they are compressed against one another, some watery elements being adjacent (which, as it were making a compression, produce hail, which especially occurs in the air); and also by the friction of clouds that have received freezing, this accumulation of snow might receive a repulsion.
καὶ κατ’ ἄλλους δὲ τρόπους ἐνδέχεται χιόνα συντελεῖσθαι.
And in other ways too snow can be accomplished.
Δρόσος συντελεῖται καὶ κατὰ σύνοδον πρὸς ἄλληλα ἐκ τοῦ ἀέρος τῶν τοιούτων, ἃ τῆς τοιαύτης ὑγρασίας ἀποτελεστικὰ γίνεται· καὶ κατὰ 〈ἀπο〉φορὰν δὲ ἢ ἀπὸ νοτερῶν τόπων ἢ ὕδατα κεκτημένων (ἐν οἷς τόποις μάλιστα δρόσος συντελεῖται), εἶτα σύνοδον τούτων εἰς τὸ αὐτὸ λαβόντων καὶ ἀποτέλεσιν ὑγρασίας καὶ πάλιν φορὰν ἐπὶ τοὺς κάτω τόπους, καθάπερ ὁμοίως καὶ παρ’ ἡμῖν ἐπὶ πλειόνων τοιαῦτά τινα 〈συντελούμενα θεωρεῖται.
Dew is accomplished both by the meeting with one another from the air of such elements as become productive of such moisture; and also by the carriage either from damp places or from places possessing water (in which places dew is especially accomplished), then these having a meeting into the same place and producing moisture, and again their carriage to the places below, just as similarly also among us in several cases some such things are observed to be accomplished.
§109Καὶ πάχνη δὲ οὐ διαφερόντως〉 συντελεῖται τῶν δρόσων τούτων πῆξίν τινα ποιὰν λαβόντων διὰ περίστασίν τινα ἀέρος ψυχροῦ.
And hoarfrost is accomplished in no different way, when these dews receive a certain kind of freezing due to some surrounding of cold air.
Κρύσταλλος συντελεῖται καὶ κατ’ ἔκθλιψιν μὲν τοῦ περιφεροῦς σχηματισμοῦ ἐκ τοῦ ὕδατος, σύνωσιν δὲ τῶν σκαληνῶν καὶ ὀξυγωνίων τῶν ἐν τῷ ὕδατι ὑπαρχόντων· καὶ κατὰ ἔξωθεν δὲ τῶν τοιούτων πρόσκρισιν, ἃ συνελασθέντα πῆξιν τῷ ὕδατι παρεσκεύασε, ποσὰ τῶν περιφερῶν ἐκθλίψαντα.
Ice is accomplished both by the squeezing out of the round configuration from the water, and the compression of the scalene and acute-angled configurations existing in the water; and also by the accretion from outside of such elements, which, being driven together, prepared the freezing for the water, having squeezed out some of the round elements.
Ἶρις γίνεται κατὰ πρόσλαμψιν [ὑπὸ] τοῦ ἡλίου πρὸς ἀέρα ὑδατοειδῆ· ἢ κατὰ [ἀέρος] φύσιν ἰδίαν τοῦ τε φωτὸς καὶ τοῦ ἀέρος, ἣ τὰ τῶν χρωμάτων τούτων ἰδιώματα ποιήσει εἴτε πάντα εἴτε μονοειδῶς, ἀφ’ οὗ πάλιν ἀπολάμποντος τὰ ὁμοροῦντα τοῦ ἀέρος χρῶσιν ταύτην λήψεται, οἵαν θεωροῦμεν. . . . κατὰ πρόσλαμψιν πρὸς τὰ μέρη.
A rainbow occurs by the shining of the sun upon watery air; or according to a peculiar nature of both the light and the air, which will produce the peculiarities of these colors either all together or in a single form, from which, as it shines back, the neighboring parts of the air will receive this coloration, such as we observe... by the shining upon the parts.
§110Τὸ δὲ τῆς περιφερείας τούτου φάντασμα γίνεται διὰ τὸ τὸ διάστημα πάντοθεν ἴσον ὑπὸ τῆς ὄψεως θεωρεῖσθαι, ἢ σύνωσιν τοιαύτην λαμβανουσῶν τῶν ἐν τῷ ἀέρι 〈ἀ〉τόμων ἢ ἐν τοῖς νέφεσιν ἀπὸ τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἀέρος [προσφερομένου πρὸς τὴν σελήνην] ἀποφερομένων [ἀτόμων] περιφέρειάν τινα καθίεσθαι τὴν σύγκρισιν ταύτην.
And the appearance of its roundness occurs because the distance is observed on all sides as equal by the sight, or because, the atoms in the air or in the clouds receiving such a compression, or being carried away from the same air, this combination is let down as a certain roundness.
Ἅλως περὶ τὴν σελήνην γίνεται [καὶ κατὰ] πάντοθεν ἀέρος προσφερομένου πρὸς τὴν σελήνην ἢ τὰ ἀπ’ αὐτῆς ῥεύματα ἀποφερόμενα ὁμαλῶς ἀναστέλλοντος ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον ἐφ’ ὅσον κύκλῳ περιστῆσαι τὸ νεφοειδὲς τοῦτο καὶ μὴ τὸ παράπαν διακρῖναι, ἢ καὶ τὸν πέριξ αὐτῆς ἀέρα ἀναστέλλοντος συμμέτρως πάντοθεν εἰς τὸ περιφερὲς τὸ περὶ αὐτὴν καὶ παχυμερὲς περιστῆσαι.
A halo around the moon occurs by air being carried from all sides toward the moon, or by [the air] evenly blocking the currents flowing away from it, to such an extent as to surround this cloud-like thing in a circle and not to disperse it altogether; or also by blocking the air around it symmetrically from all sides so as to surround [it] into the round and thick-particled form around it.