§35Τοῖς μὴ δυναμένοις, ὦ Ἡρόδοτε, ἕκαστα τῶν περὶ φύσεως ἀναγεγραμμένων ἡμῖν ἐξακριβοῦν μηδὲ τὰς μείζους τῶν συν τεταγμένων βίβλους διαθρεῖν ἐπιτομὴν τῆς ὅλης πραγματείας εἰς τὸ κατασχεῖν τῶν ὁλοσχερωτάτων δοξῶν τὴν μνήμην ἱκανῶς αὐτοῖς παρεσκεύασα, ἵνα παρ’ ἑκάστους τῶν καιρῶν ἐν τοῖς κυριωτάτοις βοηθεῖν αὑτοῖς δύνωνται, καθ’ ὅσον ἂν ἐφάπτωνται τῆς περὶ φύσεως θεωρίας.
For those, Herodotus, who are unable to master each of the details concerning nature that we have written down, nor to examine the larger books of our compositions, I have prepared a sufficient summary of the entire system so that they may retain the memory of the most general doctrines, in order that on every occasion they may be able to help themselves in the most principal matters, as far as they lay hold of the study of nature.
καὶ τοὺς προβεβηκότας δὲ ἱκανῶς ἐν τῇ τῶν ὅλων ἐπιβλέψει τὸν τύπον τῆς ὅλης πραγματείας τὸν κατεστοιχειωμένον δεῖ μνημονεύειν· τῆς γὰρ ἀθρόας ἐπιβολῆς πυκνὸν δεόμεθα, τῆς δὲ κατὰ μέρος οὐχὁμοίως.
And those who have advanced sufficiently in the survey of the whole must also remember the outline of the entire system which has been elementary; for we frequently need the comprehensive view, but not in the same way the detailed parts.
§36βαδιστέον μὲν οὖν καὶ ἐπ’ ἐκεῖνα συνεχῶς, ἐν 〈δὲ〉τῇ μνήμῃ τὸ τοσοῦτο ποιητέον, ἀφ’ οὗ ἥ τε κυριωτάτη ἐπιβολὴ ἐπὶ τὰ πράγματα ἔσται καὶ δὴ καὶ τὸ κατὰ μέρος ἀκρίβωμα πᾶν ἐξευρήσεται, τῶν ὁλοσχερωτάτων τύπων εὖ περιειλημμένων καὶ μνημονευομένων·
Therefore, we must continuously proceed to those details as well, but in memory we must keep this much, from which both the most principal view of things will be attained, and indeed all detailed precision will be discovered, once the most general outlines are well grasped and remembered.
ἐπεὶ καὶ τῷ τετελεσιουργημένῳ τοῦτο κυριώτατον τοῦ παντὸς ἀκριβώματος γίνεται, τὸ ταῖς ἐπιβολαῖς ὀξέως δύνασθαι χρῆσθαι καὶ πρὸς ἁπλᾶ στοιχειώματα καὶ φωνὰς συναγομένοις.
Since even for the perfected student this is the most principal part of all precision, to be able to use the apprehensions quickly and to reduce them to simple elements and terms.
οὐ γὰρ οἷόν τε τὸ πύκνωμα τῆς συνεχοῦς τῶν ὅλων περιοδείας εἰδέναι μὴ δυνάμενον διὰ βραχεῶν φωνῶν ἅπαν ἐμπεριλαβεῖν ἐν αὑτῷ τὸ καὶ κατὰ μέρος ἂν ἐξακριβωθέν.
For it is not possible to know the condensed result of the continuous survey of the whole if one is unable to encompass in oneself by brief terms all that could be detailed in part.
§37ὅθεν δὴ πᾶσι χρησίμης οὔσης τοῖς ᾠκειωμένοις φυσιολογίᾳ τῆς τοιαύτης ὁδοῦ, παρεγγυῶν τὸ συνεχὲς ἐνέργημα ἐν φυσιολογίᾳ καὶ τοιούτῳ μάλιστα ἐγγαληνίζων τῷ βίω ἐποίησά σοι καὶ τοιαύτην τινὰ ἐπιτομὴν καὶ στοιχείωσιν τῶν ὅλων δοξῶν.
Hence, since this path is useful to all who are familiar with physiology, encouraging continuous activity in physiology and especially finding peace in such a life, I have made for you also a certain summary and elemental outline of the whole doctrines.
Πρῶτον μὲν οὖν τὰ ὑποτεταγμένα τοῖς φθόγγοις, ὦ Ἡρό δοτε, δεῖ εἰληφέναι, ὅπως ἂν τὰ δοξαζόμενα ἢ ζητούμενα ἢ ἀπορούμενα ἔχωμεν εἰς ταῦτα ἀναγαγόντες ἐπικρίνειν, καὶ μὴ ἄκριτα πάντα ἡμῖν 〈ᾖ〉 εἰς ἄπειρον ἀποδεικνύουσιν ἢ κενοὺς φθόγγους ἔχωμεν·
First of all, Herodotus, we must grasp the meanings underlying the words, so that we may have something to refer to when judging what we opine, investigate, or are in doubt about, and so that everything may not be unjudged for us as we demonstrate to infinity, or we may not have empty words.
§38ἀνάγκη γὰρ τὸ πρῶτον ἐννόημα καθ’ ἕκαστον φθόγγον βλέπεσθαι καὶ μηθὲν ἀποδείξεως προσδεῖσθαι, εἴπερ ἕξομεν τὸ ζητούμενον ἢ ἀπορούμενον καὶ δοξαζόμενον ἐφ’ ὃ ἀνάξομεν.
For it is necessary that the primary concept under each word be seen and need no demonstration, if we are to have that to which we refer our investigation, doubt, and opinion.
ἔτι τε καὶ τὰς αἰσθήσεις δεῖ πάντως τηρεῖν καὶ ἁπλῶς τὰς παρούσας ἐπιβολὰς εἴτε διανοίας εἴθ’ ὅτου δήποτε τῶν κριτηρίων. ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τὰ ὑπάρχοντα πάθη, ὅπως ἂν καὶ τὸ προσμένον καὶ τὸ ἄδηλον ἔχωμεν οἷς σημειωσόμεθα.
Furthermore, we must by all means keep our sensations and simply our present apprehensions, whether of the mind or of any of the criteria whatsoever; and likewise our present feelings, so that we may have those by which we may sign both what is waiting to be confirmed and what is unapparent.
Ταῦτα δὲ διαλαβόντας 〈δεῖ〉 συνορᾶν ἤδη περὶ τῶν ἀδήλων· πρῶτον μὲν ὅτι οὐδὲν γίνεται ἐκ τοῦ μὴ ὄντος.
Having distinguished these things, we must now see together concerning the unapparent: first, that nothing comes into being from non-being.
πᾶν γὰρ ἐκ παντὸς ἐγίνετ’ ἂν σπερμάτων γε οὐθὲν προσδεόμενον.
For otherwise everything would have come into being from everything, needing no seeds.
§39καὶ εἰ ἐφθείρετο δὲ τὸ ἀφανιζόμενον εἰς τὸ μὴ ὄν, πάντα ἂν ἀπωλώλει τὰ πράγματα, οὐκ ὄντων τῶν εἰς ἃ διελύετο.
And if that which disappears were destroyed into non-being, all things would have perished, since there would be nothing into which they were dissolved.
Καὶ μὴν καὶ τὸ πᾶν ἀεὶ τοιοῦτον ἦν οἷον νῦν ἐστι, καὶ ἀεὶ τοιοῦτον ἔσται.
Furthermore, the universe was always such as it is now, and always will be such.
οὐθὲν γάρ ἐστιν εἰς ὃ μεταβαλεῖ. παρὰ γὰρ τὸ πᾶν οὐθέν ἐστιν, ὃ ἂν εἰσελθὸν εἰς αὐτὸ τὴν μεταβολὴν ποιήσαιτο.
For there is nothing into which it changes; for besides the universe there is nothing which, by entering into it, could cause change.
Ἀλλὰ μὴν καὶ (τοῦτο καὶ ἐν τῇ Μεγάλῃ ἐπιτομῇ φησι κατ’ ἀρχὴν καὶ ἐν τῇ ᾱ Περὶ φύσεως) τὸ πᾶν ἐστι 〈σώματα καὶ κενόν〉·
Moreover (as he says both at the beginning of the Great Summary and in the first book of On Nature), the universe is bodies and empty space.
σώματα μὲν γὰρ ὡς ἔστιν, αὐτὴ ἡ αἴσθησις ἐπὶ πάντων μαρτυρεῖ, καθ’ ἣν ἀναγκαῖον τὸ ἄδηλον τῷ λογισμῷ τεκμαίρεσθαι, ὥσπερ προεῖπον τὸ πρόσθεν·
For that bodies exist, sensation itself witnesses in all cases, according to which we must necessarily infer the unapparent by reasoning, as I said before.
§40εἰ 〈δὲ〉 μὴ ἦν ὃ κενὸν καὶ χώραν καὶ ἀναφῆ φύσιν ὀνομάζομεν, οὐκ ἂν εἶχε τὰ σώματα ὅπου ἦν οὐδὲ δι’ οὗ ἐκινεῖτο, καθάπερ φαίνεται κινούμενα, παρὰ δὲ ταῦτα οὐθὲν οὐδ’ ἐπινοηθῆναι δύναται οὔτε περιληπτῶς οὔτε ἀναλόγως τοῖς περιληπτοῖς ὡς καθ’ ὅλας φύσεις λαμβανόμενα καὶ μὴ ὡς τὰ τούτων συμπτώματα ἢ συμβεβηκότα λεγόμενα.
And if there were not that which we call empty space, place, and intangible nature, bodies would not have where to be or through which to move, just as they are seen to move. And besides these nothing can even be thought of, either comprehensively or by analogy with what is comprehensive, as being grasped as complete natures and not spoken of as properties or accidents of these.
Καὶ μὴν καὶ τῶν (τοῦτο καὶ ἐν τῇ πρώτῃ Περὶ φύσεως καὶ τῇ ῑδ̄ καὶ ῑε̄ καὶ τῇ Μεγάλῃ ἐπιτομῇ) σωμάτων τὰ μέν ἐστι συγκρίσεις, τὰ δ’ ἐξ ὧν αἱ συγκρίσεις πεποίηνται·
Furthermore (as is said in the first book of On Nature, and in the fourteenth and fifteenth, and in the Great Summary), of bodies some are composite, and others are those from which the composites have been made.