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Pausanias · Description of Greece §10.23.8-10.23.14

Galatian Infighting and the Suicide of Brennus

Passage 443 of 465 · Greek

Summary

The Celts fall into a panic and begin slaughtering each other in the darkness, suffering catastrophic losses from Greek pursuits and famine. Brennus commits suicide out of shame, and the remaining invaders are completely wiped out at the Spercheius River.

§10.23.8ἀναλαβόντες οὖν τὰ ὅπλα καὶ διαστάντες ἔκτεινόν τε ἀλλήλους καὶ ἀνὰ μέρος ἐκτείνοντο, οὔτε γλώσσης τῆς ἐπιχωρίου συνιέντες οὔτε τὰς ἀλλήλων μορφὰς οὔτε τῶν θυρεῶν καθορῶντες τὰ σχήματα·
Therefore, taking up their arms and splitting into two, they began to kill one another and were killed in turn, understanding neither their native tongue, nor recognizing one another's forms, nor discerning the shapes of their shields.
ἀλλὰ ἀμφοτέραις ταῖς τάξεσιν ὁμοίως ὑπὸ τῆς ἐν τῷ παρόντι ἀγνοίας οἵ τε ἄνδρες οἱ ἀνθεστηκότες εἶναί σφισιν Ἕλληνες καὶ αὐτοὶ καὶ τὰ ὅπλα ἐφαίνοντο καὶ Ἑλλάδα ἀφιέναι τὴν φωνήν, ἥ τε ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ μανία πλεῖστον ἐξειργάσατο ὑπʼ ἀλλήλων τοῖς Γαλάταις τὸν φόνον.
Rather, to both divisions alike, because of their present delusion, the men standing against them seemed, both themselves and their weapons, to be Greeks and to be speaking the Greek language; and the madness from the god brought about the greatest slaughter among the Gauls by one another's hands.
§10.23.9τῶν δὲ Φωκέων ὅσοι κατελίποντο κατὰ τοὺς ἀγροὺς φυλακῆς βοσκημάτων ἕνεκα, πρῶτοί τε ᾔσθοντο καὶ ἀπαγγέλλουσι τοῖς Ἕλλησι τὰ ἐν τῇ νυκτὶ κατασχόντα τοὺς βαρβάρους.
And those of the Phocians who had been left behind in the fields for the guarding of the cattle were the first to perceive it, and they reported to the Greeks the events that had overtaken the barbarians in the night.
ἀναθαρσήσαντες δὲ οἱ Φωκεῖς προθυμότερον ἔτι ἐνέκειντο τοῖς Κελτοῖς· διὰ φυλακῆς τε πλείονος τὰς ἐπαύλεις ἐποιοῦντο καὶ τὰ ἐς βίου χρείαν οὐ περιεώρων σφᾶς ἐκ τῆς χώρας ἀμαχεὶ λαμβάνοντας, ἐγεγόνει τε αὐτίκα τοῖς Γαλάταις διὰ παντὸς τοῦ στρατοῦ καὶ σίτου καὶ ὅσα ἐς τροφὴν ἄλλα ἔνδεια ἰσχυρά.
Having taken courage, the Phocians pressed upon the Celts even more eagerly; they kept their farmsteads under greater guard and did not allow them to take the necessities of life from the country without a fight, so that there arose immediately for the Gauls throughout the whole army a severe shortage of corn and of all other things for food.
§10.23.10πλῆθος δὲ τὸ ἐν τῇ Φωκίδι αὐτῶν ἀναλωθέν, ὀλίγῳ μὲν ἑξακισχιλίων ἐλάσσονες οἱ ἐν ταῖς μάχαις, οἱ δʼ ἐν τῇ χειμερίῳ διαφθαρέντες νυκτὶ καὶ ὕστερον οἱ ἐν τῷ Πανικῷ δείματι ἐγένοντο ὑπὲρ τοὺς μυρίους, τοσοῦτοι δὲ ἄλλοι καὶ ὑπὸ τοῦ λιμοῦ.
And the number of them destroyed in Phocis was as follows: those in the battles were slightly fewer than six thousand, while those who perished in the stormy night and afterwards in the Panic fear became more than ten thousand, and just as many others also died of hunger.
§10.23.11Ἀθηναίων δὲ ἄνδρες ἐπισκεψόμενοι μὲν ἀφίκοντο ἐν Δελφοῖς· τότε δὲ ἐπανήκοντες τά τε ἄλλα ἤγγελλον ὁποῖα συμβεβήκει τοῖς βαρβάροις καὶ τὰ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ κατειληφότα.
And men of the Athenians arrived at Delphi to reconnoitre; and returning at that time, they reported both other things that had happened to the barbarians and the calamities from the god that had overtaken them.
οἱ δὲ αὐτοί τε ἐξεστρατεύοντο καὶ ὡς τὴν Βοιωτίαν διώδευον οἱ Βοιωτοί σφισιν ἀνεμίχθησαν· οὕτω δὴ ἀμφότεροι τοῖς βαρβάροις ἐπακολουθοῦντες ἐλόχων τε καὶ ἔκτεινον τοὺς ἀεὶ ἐσχάτους.
And they themselves marched out, and as they passed through Boeotia, the Boeotians mingled with them; thus indeed both, following after the barbarians, laid ambushes and kept killing those who were always at the rear.
§10.23.12τοῖς δὲ φεύγουσιν ὁμοῦ τῷ Βρέννῳ καὶ οἱ περὶ τὸν Ἀκιχώριον ἐν τῇ προτέρᾳ νυκτὶ ἀνεμίχθησαν· βραδεῖαν γὰρ τὴν πορείαν ἐποίησάν σφισιν οἱ Αἰτωλοὶ τοῖς τε ἀκοντίοις ἐς αὐτοὺς ἀφειδέστερον καὶ ὅτῳ τύχοιεν καὶ ἄλλῳ χρώμενοι, ὥστε ἐς τὸ στρατόπεδον τὸ πρὸς τῇ Ἡρακλείᾳ μοῖρα οὐ πολλὴ διέφυγεν ἐξ αὐτῶν.
And with those who were fleeing together with Brennus, Akichorios and his men also mingled during the previous night; for the Aetolians had made their march slow, using their javelins unsparingly against them and whatever else they happened to have, so that no large portion of them escaped to the camp near Heracleia.
τῷ δὲ Βρέννῳ κατὰ μὲν τὰ τραύματα ἐλείπετο ἔτι σωτηρίας ἐλπίς· τῶν δὲ πολιτῶν φόβῳ φασὶν αὐτὸν καὶ τῇ αἰδοῖ πλέον, ἅτε τῶν ἐν τῇ Ἑλλάδι κακῶν αἴτιον, ἑκουσίως ἀφεῖναι τὴν ψυχὴν ἀκράτου πίνοντα τοῦ οἴνου.
For Brennus, as far as his wounds were concerned, there was still hope of recovery; but they say that through fear of his fellow-citizens, and still more through shame, as being the cause of the disasters in Greece, he voluntarily departed this life by drinking unmixed wine.
§10.23.13καὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τούτου δὲ οἱ βάρβαροι μέχρι μὲν τοῦ Σπερχειοῦ χαλεπῶς ἐκομίσθησαν, τῶν Αἰτωλῶν βιαίως σφίσιν ἐγκειμένων· ὡς δὲ ἀφίκοντο ἐπὶ τὸν Σπερχειόν, οἱ ἐντεῦθεν ὑποκαθήμενοι Θεσσαλοὶ καὶ οἱ Μαλιεῖς ἐνεφορήθησαν οὕτω σφῶν ὡς μηδένα οἴκαδε ἀποσωθῆναι.
And after this, the barbarians were conveyed with difficulty as far as the Spercheius, with the Aetolians violently pressing upon them; and when they arrived at the Spercheius, the Thessalians and the Malians lying in wait there fell upon them so greedily that not one of them was saved back home.
§10.23.14ἐγένετο δὲ τῶν Κελτῶν στρατεία τε ἐπὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα καὶ ἡ ἀπώλεια Ἀναξικράτους Ἀθήνῃσιν ἄρχοντος, δευτέρῳ δὲ ἔτει τῆς πέμπτης Ὀλυμπιάδος ἐπὶ εἴκοσι καὶ ἑκατόν, ἣν Λάδας Αἰγιεὺς ἐνίκα στάδιον· τῷ δὲ ἔτει τῷ ἐφεξῆς Δημοκλέους Ἀθήνῃσιν ἄρχοντος, οἱ δὲ αὖθις ἐς τὴν Ἀσίαν διαβαίνουσιν οἱ Κελτοί.
And the expedition of the Celts against Greece and their destruction took place when Anaxicrates was archon at Athens, in the second year of the hundred and twenty-fifth Olympiad, in which Ladas of Aegium won the stadion race; and in the following year, when Democles was archon at Athens, the Celts crossed over again into Asia.

Notes

  1. 10.23.8ἀμφοτέραις ταῖς τάξεσιν — This dative functions as a dative of reference or interest, meaning 'to both divisions' (which had split due to the panic).
  2. 10.23.12ἀκράτου πίνοντα τοῦ οἴνου — Drinking unmixed wine (akratos oinos) was regarded in ancient Greece as a barbarian custom, or as a means of causing death or madness, here representing Brennus's suicide.
  3. 10.23.13ἐνεφορήθησαν οὕτω σφῶν — The verb emphoreomai (to glut oneself, take one's fill of) takes the genitive sphōn (them), meaning that the Thessalians and Malians slaughtered or fell upon the Gauls to their heart's content.

Cite this passage

Pausanias, Description of Greece §10.23.8-10.23.14. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:10.23.8-10.23.14

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