§63τοῖς δεομένοις παρασκευάσεται, οἰόμενος δεῖν τὸν ὡς ἀληθῶς βασιλέα τῷ τῶν ὅλων ἀπεικάσθαι βασιλεῖ κατά τε τὴν φιλανθρωπίαν καὶ τὴν πρόνοιαν ἁπάντων τῶν ἀρχομένων, καὶ μὴ πρὸ μὲν τῆς βασιλείας χρηστόν τι καὶ μέτριον ἦθος ἐμφαίνειν ἑαυτοῦ, βασιλέα δὲ ἀποδειχθέντα χαλεπὸν καὶ βίαιον εἶναι περὶ τοὺς ἀρχομένους· οὐ γὰρ βασιλείας σχῆμα εἶναι τὸ τοιοῦτον ἐπιεικοῦς, ἀλλὰ σκαιότητος καὶ ἀπαιδευσίας ἔλεγχον φανερώτατον·
...will make it available for all who ask, thinking that the true king must be made like the King of all in his philanthropy and his care for all his subjects, and not show some good and moderate character of himself before his reign, but once declared king, be harsh and violent toward his subjects; for such a thing is not the character of a gentle reign, but the most manifest proof of awkwardness and lack of education.
οἷος ἦν καὶ ὁ τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων στρατηγὸς ὁ τοῖς Ἕλλησι πρὸς τοὺς βαρβάρους ἡγησάμενος, Παυσανίαν λέγω τὸν Κλεομβρότου, ὃς οἴκοι μένων ἠδύνατο σωφρονεῖν, πλεύσας δὲ εἰς Ἑλλήσποντον ἐπελέληστο μὲν τῶν οἴκοι, ἐπελέληστο δὲ αὑτοῦ, παντὶ δὲ μᾶλλον ἐῴκει ἢ ἀνδρὶ Σπαρτιάτῃ, χαλεπὸς μὲν ὢν καὶ βίαιος περὶ τοὺς συμμάχους, ἀκόλαστος δὲ καὶ ὑβριστὴς περὶ τὴν δίαιταν, τυραννικὸς δὲ περὶ τὸν τρόπον.
Such indeed was the general of the Lacedaemonians who led the Greeks against the barbarians, I mean Pausanias the son of Cleombrotus, who, while remaining at home, was able to be self-controlled, but after sailing to the Hellespont, he forgot things at home, and forgot himself, and resembled anything rather than a Spartan, being harsh and violent toward the allies, licentious and arrogant in his way of life, and tyrannical in his character.
ὁ δʼ ἐπέδειξεν ὅτι καὶ ἰδιώτην ὄντα καὶ βασιλέα οἷόν τέ ἐστι τὸν αὐτὸν εἶναι διὰ τέλους, τοιοῦτον μὲν πρὸ τῆς βασιλείας παρασχὼν ἑαυτὸν ὥστε δικαίως ἀξιωθῆναι ταύτης, ἐν δὲ τῇ βασιλείᾳ τῷ αὐτῷ νοῒ καὶ τρόπῳ χρώμενος, οὐκ ἐκστὰς ἑαυτοῦ οὐδὲ ζηλώσας τὴν ἀκολασίαν, ἀλλὰ τὸν σώφρονα βίον ἑλόμενος, τὴν μὲν ὕβριν καὶ παρανομίαν μισήσας, παράδειγμα δὲ σωφροσύνης ἑαυτὸν παρασχὼν, ὥστε τοὺς τέως ἀσελγεῖς καὶ ὑβριστὰς μεταθέσθαι τὸν τρόπον ὁρῶντας αὐτοῦ τὴν σωφροσύνην, καὶ τῆς τε πρὸς τὰ χρήματα ἐπιθυμίας παύσασθαι καὶ πρὸς τὸ σωφρονέστερον διατεθῆναι.
But he (our king) demonstrated that it is possible for the same person to be both a private citizen and a king throughout, by showing himself to be such before his reign as to be justly deemed worthy of it, and in his reign using the same mind and character, not losing his senses nor envying licentiousness, but choosing the self-controlled life, hating arrogance and lawlessness, and presenting himself as an example of self-control, so that those who were previously licentious and arrogant changed their ways upon seeing his self-control, and ceased from their desire for money and were disposed toward more self-controlled conduct.
καὶ μὴν καὶ ὅσαι ἡδοναὶ ἄρχουσιν ἀνθρώπων οὐδεμιᾶς ἴσμεν ἡττημένον τὸν βασιλέα.
Furthermore, of all the pleasures that rule over men, we know that the king has been conquered by none.
τοσοῦτον γὰρ ἀπέσχεν αὐτῶν εὐθὺς ἐξ ἀρχῆς ὥστε εἴ τίς ἐστιν ἐγκράτεια κατʼ ἀνθρώπους ὑμνουμένη, ταύτην περὶ τούτου μόνου λεγομένην πιστὴν εἶναι δοκεῖν.
For he so far abstained from them from the very beginning that if there is any self-control praised among men, it seems that this is only credible when spoken concerning him alone.
τίς μὲν γὰρ οὕτω τὰ γαστρὸς ἐγκρατὴς, τίς δὲ ἀφροδισίων, τίς δὲ τῶν ἄλλων ἡδονῶν;
For who was so self-controlled regarding the stomach, who regarding sexual pleasures, who regarding other pleasures?
οὐ γὰρ, ὥσπερ ἔφην ἀρτίως, ἐξ ἡμισείας ἔσχε τὴν ἀρετὴν, οὐδὲ ὥσπερ ἄλλοι τινὲς §64βασιλεῖς πρός τε ἀνδρείαν καὶ φιλανθρωπίαν ἐπιεικῶς ἔχειν δόξαντες ἀκολαστότατοι περὶ τὰς ἡδονὰς καὶ τὰς ἐπιθυμίας ὄντες ἐφάνησαν, οἷον Ὅμηρος ἐγκωμιάζων τὸν τῶν Ἀχαιῶν στρατηγὸν Ἀγαμέμνονα, ἀμφότερον, φησὶ, βασιλεύς τʼ ἀγαθὸς κρατερός τʼ αἰχμητής.
For he did not, as I said just now, possess virtue by halves, nor like some other kings who, having seemed to be reasonably disposed toward courage and philanthropy, were revealed to be most licentious regarding pleasures and desires, as when Homer, eulogizing the general of the Achaeans, Agamemnon, says: 'both a good king and a strong warrior'.
φαίνεται δʼ οὗτος παρʼ αὐτῷ ἡττημένος μὲν Χρυσηίδος, ἐρῶν δὲ Βρισηίδος τῆς Ἀχιλλέως, διὰ δὲ ταύτην τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν πολλῶν καὶ μεγάλων κακῶν αἴτιος τοῖς Ἀχαιοῖς γενόμενος.
Yet he appears in Homer's work to have been conquered by Chryseis, and to be in love with Briseis who belonged to Achilles, and because of this desire became the cause of many and great evils for the Achaeans.
ὁ τοίνυν Ἀχιλλεὺς ὁ τῆς Θέτιδος καὶ τοῦ Πηλέως οὕτως ἀκόλαστος ἦν περὶ τὰς ἡδονὰς καὶ μικροπρεπὴς ὥστε ἀπελθούσης τῆς Βρισηίδος παρʼ αὐτοῦ καὶ χρόνον τινὰ ποιησάσης παρʼ Ἀγαμέμνονι παραχρῆμα μὲν οὕτως διετέθη ὥστʼ ἔκλαεν ὁρῶν ἐπὶ οἴνοπα πόντον, καλῶν τὴν μητέρα ὥσπερ παιδάριον πεπονθὸς τοῦτο ὑπὸ ὁμοίου ἑτέρου· ἐλθούσης δὲ τὴν πρόφασιν τῶν δακρύων διηγούμενος καὶ κελεύων αὐτὴν δεηθῆναι τοῦ Διὸς ὅπως ἂν Τρωσὶ σύμμαχος γενόμενος κακὰ μέγιστα ἐργάσηται τοὺς Ἕλληνας, μετὰ ταῦτα δὲ ὁρῶν πολλοὺς πίπτοντας τῶν Ἀχαιῶν ἑκάστοτε ὑπό τε τῶν Τρώων καὶ ὑφʼ Ἕκτορος, καί τινων ἑταίρων αὐτοῦ καὶ φίλων ἀποθνησκόντων, οὐκ ἐπιστρεφόμενος οὐδὲ ἐλεῶν.
Again, Achilles, the son of Thetis and Peleus, was so licentious regarding pleasures and small-minded that when Briseis departed from him and spent some time with Agamemnon, he was immediately so affected that he wept while looking upon the wine-dark sea, calling his mother like a little child who has suffered this from another like himself; and when she came, explaining the pretext of his tears and bidding her entreat Zeus that he might become an ally to the Trojans and work the greatest evils upon the Greeks, and after this, seeing many of the Achaeans falling on each occasion both by the Trojans and by Hector, and some of his companions and friends dying, he did not turn back nor pity them.
ἐκεῖνοι μὲν οὖν πολλὰ ἐνδεῶς ἔσχον πρὸς ἀρετὴν, ὁ δὲ ἀμφότερα βασιλεύς τʼ ἀγαθὸς κρατερός τʼ αἰχμητής.
Those men, therefore, were in many ways deficient in virtue, but he is both: 'a good king and a strong warrior'.
ὁ γὰρ τοσοῦτον ὑπεριδὼν τῶν ἡδονῶν ὥστε μηδεμιᾶς ἡττηθῆναι αὐτῶν, πῶς οὐχ οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ τῷ ὄντι ἀνδρεῖος καὶ σώφρων καὶ καρτερός;
For how is he who has so far looked down upon pleasures that he has been conquered by none of them, not the one who is truly brave and self-controlled and steadfast?
τείχη μὲν γὰρ ἀνάλωτα πολλάκις εἶναι δοκοῦντα καὶ φαῦλοι ὄντες εἷλον ἤδη τινὲς, ὑπὸ δὲ τῶν ἡδονῶν πολλοὺς καὶ τῶν πάνυ ἀγαθῶν ἀνδρῶν κρατουμένους ὁρῶ.
For many walls that seemed impregnable have before now been captured even by worthless men, but I see many of the very best men conquered by pleasures.
βίου δὲ εὐκολίαν καὶ διαίτης εὐτέλειαν τίς οὕτως ἀνδρεῖος ὥστε ῥᾳδίως οὕτως δύνασθαι ἂν ὑπενεγκεῖν;
And who is so brave as to be able to bear so easily simplicity of life and frugality of diet?
καὶ μὴν τὰ μὲν πρὸς πολεμίους ἀνδρείοις πολλοῖς ὑπῆρξε γενέσθαι, ὑπὸ δὲ τῶν σφετέρων στρατιωτῶν αὐτοὺς ἄρχεσθαι ἢ κρατεῖν· ὁ δὲ οὕτως ῥᾳδίως ἐκράτησε καὶ κατεστήσατο ὥστε πολλῶν μὲν καὶ ἀπείρων
Moreover, while the things against enemies have been possible for many brave men to achieve, namely either to be ruled by their own soldiers or to rule them; but he has ruled them and established order so easily, that of many and countless...