§7.2.1περὶ δὲ Κίμβρων τὰ μὲν οὐκ εὖ λέγεται, τὰ δʼ ἔχει πιθανότητας οὐ μετρίας.
Concerning the Cimbri, some things are not well said, while others possess no moderate degree of plausibility.
οὔτε γὰρ τὴν τοιαύτην αἰτίαν τοῦ πλάνητας γενέσθαι καὶ λῃστρικοὺς ἀποδέξαιτʼ ἄν τις, ὅτι χερρόνησον οἰκοῦντες μεγάλῃ πλημμυρίδι ἐξελαθεῖεν ἐκ τῶν τόπων· καὶ γὰρ νῦν ἔχουσι τὴν χώραν ἣν εἶχον πρότερον, καὶ ἔπεμψαν τῷ Σεβαστῷ δῶρον τὸν ἱερώτατον παρʼ αὐτοῖς λέβητα, αἰτούμενοι φιλίαν καὶ ἀμνηστίαν τῶν ὑπηργμένων, τυχόντες δὲ ὧν ἠξίουν ἀπῆραν·
For one would not accept such a reason for their becoming wanderers and piratical, namely, that because they inhabited a peninsula they were driven out of their homes by a great flood; indeed, even now they possess the country which they possessed before, and they sent to Augustus as a gift the most sacred cauldron among them, asking for friendship and amnesty for what had occurred in the past, and having obtained what they requested, they sailed away.
γελοῖον δὲ τῷ φυσικῷ καὶ αἰωνίῳ πάθει δὶς ἑκάστης ἡμέρας συμβαίνοντι προσοργισθέντας ἀπελθεῖν ἐκ τοῦ τόπου.
And it is ridiculous to say that, because they were angered by a natural and eternal phenomenon which occurs twice every day, they departed from the place.
ἔοικε δὲ πλάσματι τὸ συμβῆναί ποτε ὑπερβάλλουσαν πλημμυρίδα· ἐπιτάσεις μὲν γὰρ καὶ ἀνέσεις δέχεται, τεταγμένας δὲ καὶ περιοδιζούσας, ὁ ὠκεανὸς ἐν τοῖς τοιούτοις πάθεσιν.
And that an excessive flood once occurred seems like a fiction; for the ocean, in such phenomena, experiences increases and decreases, but these are ordered and periodic.
οὐκ εὖ δʼ οὐδὲ ὁ φήσας ὅπλα αἴρεσθαι πρὸς τὰς πλημμυρίδας τοὺς Κίμβρους, οὐδʼ ὅτι ἀφοβίαν οἱ Κελτοὶ ἀσκοῦντες κατακλύζεσθαι τὰς οἰκίας ὑπομένουσιν, εἶτʼ ἀνοικοδομοῦσι, καὶ ὅτι πλείων αὐτοῖς συμβαίνει φθόρος ἐξ ὕδατος ἢ πολέμου, ὅπερ Ἔφορός φησιν. ἡ γὰρ τάξις ἡ τῶν πλημμυρίδων καὶ τὸ τὴν ἐπικλυζομένην χώραν εἶναι γνώριμον οὐκ ἔμελλε τοιαύτας τὰς ἀτοπίας παρέξειν.
Nor is he correct who said that the Cimbri took up arms against the floods, nor that the Celts, practicing fearlessness, submit to having their homes flooded and then rebuild them, and that greater destruction occurs to them from water than from war, which is what Ephorus says; for the regularity of the floods and the fact that the flooded country was well known were not likely to produce such absurdities.
δὶς γὰρ ἑκάστης ἡμέρας τούτου συμβαίνοντος τὸ μηδʼ ἅπαξ αἰσθάνεσθαι φυσικὴν οὖσαν τὴν παλίρροιαν καὶ ἀβλαβῆ, καὶ οὐ μόνοις τούτοις συμβαίνουσαν ἀλλὰ τοῖς παρωκεανίταις πᾶσι, πῶς οὐκ ἀπίθανον;
For since this occurs twice every day, how is it not incredible that they should not perceive even once that the tide is natural and harmless, and that it occurs not only to them but to all who dwell along the ocean?
οὐδὲ Κλείταρχος εὖ· φησὶ γὰρ τοὺς ἱππέας ἰδόντας τὴν ἔφοδον τοῦ πελάγους ἀφιππάσασθαι καὶ φεύγοντας ἐγγὺς γενέσθαι τοῦ περικαταληφθῆναι.
Nor is Cleitarchus correct; for he says that the horsemen, seeing the onset of the sea, rode away, and in their flight came near to being cut off.
οὔτε δὲ τοσούτῳ τάχει τὴν ἐπίβασιν ὁρμωμένην ἱστοροῦμεν, ἀλλὰ λεληθότως προσιοῦσαν τὴν θάλατταν· οὔτε τὸ καθʼ ἡμέραν γινόμενον καὶ πᾶσιν ἔναυλον ἤδη ὂν τοῖς πλησιάζειν μέλλουσι πρὶν ἢ θεάσασθαι, τοσοῦτον ἔμελλε παρέξεσθαι φόβον ὥστε φεύγειν, ὡς ἂν εἰ ἐξ ἀδοκήτου προσέπεσε.
But we do not find that the flood advances with such speed, but rather that the sea approaches imperceptibly; nor was that which occurs daily and is already familiar to all who are about to approach it, even before they see it, likely to cause such fear as to make them flee, as if it had fallen upon them unexpectedly.
§7.2.2ταῦτά τε δὴ δικαίως ἐπιτιμᾷ τοῖς συγγραφεῦσι Ποσειδώνιος καὶ οὐ κακῶς εἰκάζει, διότι λῃστρικοὶ ὄντες καὶ πλάνητες οἱ Κίμβροι καὶ μέχρι τῶν περὶ τὴν Μαιῶτιν ποιήσαιντο στρατείαν, ἀπʼ ἐκείνων δὲ καὶ ὁ Κιμμέριος κληθείη Βόσπορος, οἷον Κιμβρικός, Κιμμερίους τοὺς Κίμβρους ὀνομασάντων τῶν Ἑλλήνων.
Poseidonius, then, is right in censuring the historians for these things, and he makes no bad conjecture that the Cimbri, being piratical and wanderers, made a campaign even as far as the region around Lake Maeotis, and that after them the Cimmerian Bosporus was named, being as it were the Cimbrian Bosporus, since the Greeks called the Cimbri Cimmerians.
φησὶ δὲ καὶ Βοίους τὸν Ἑρκύνιον δρυμὸν οἰκεῖν πρότερον, τοὺς δὲ Κίμβρους ὁρμήσαντας ἐπὶ τὸν τόπον τοῦτον, ἀποκρουσθέντας ὑπὸ τῶν Βοίων ἐπὶ τὸν Ἴστρον καὶ τοὺς Σκορδίσκους Γαλάτας καταβῆναι, εἶτʼ ἐπὶ Τευρίστας καὶ Ταυρίσκους, καὶ τούτους Γαλάτας, εἶτʼ ἐπὶ Ἑλουηττίους, πολυχρύσους μὲν ἄνδρας εἰρηναίους δέ·
He also says that the Boii formerly inhabited the Hercynian Forest, and that the Cimbri, having set out against this place, were repulsed by the Boii and descended to the Ister and to the Scordisci, who were Galatians, then to the Teuristae and Taurisci, these also being Galatians, and then to the Helvetii, who were men rich in gold but peaceful.
ὁρῶντας δὲ τὸν ἐκ τῶν λῃστηρίων πλοῦτον ὑπερβάλλοντα τοῦ παρʼ ἑαυτοῖς τοὺς Ἑλουηττίους ἐπαρθῆναι, μάλιστα δʼ αὐτῶν Τιγυρίνους τε καὶ Τωυγένους, ὥστε καὶ συνεξορμῆσαι.
And the Helvetii, seeing that the wealth acquired from the robberies far surpassed their own, were aroused, especially the Tigurini and Toygeni among them, so that they even set out with them.
πάντες μέντοι κατελύθησαν ὑπὸ τῶν Ῥωμαίων αὐτοί τε οἱ Κίμβροι καὶ οἱ συναράμενοι τούτοις, οἱ μὲν ὑπερβαλόντες τὰς Ἄλπεις εἰς τὴν Ἰταλίαν οἱ δʼ ἔξω τῶν Ἄλπεων.
However, they were all destroyed by the Romans, both the Cimbri themselves and those who had joined in the enterprise with them, some having crossed the Alps into Italy and others outside the Alps.
§7.2.3ἔθος δέ τι τῶν Κίμβρων διηγοῦνται τοιοῦτον, ὅτι ταῖς γυναιξὶν αὐτῶν συστρατευούσαις παρηκολούθουν προμάντεις ἱέρειαι πολιότριχες, λευχείμονες, καρπασίνας ἐφαπτίδας ἐπιπεπορπημέναι, ζῶσμα χαλκοῦν ἔχουσαι, γυμνόποδες·
They relate a custom of the Cimbri of this kind: that their wives, who campaigned with them, were accompanied by priestesses who were prophetesses, grey-haired, clad in white, with linen cloaks fastened with brooches, wearing bronze girdles, and barefoot.
τοῖς οὖν αἰχμαλώτοις διὰ τοῦ στρατοπέδου συνήντων ξιφήρεις, καταστέψασαι δʼ αὐτοὺς ἦγον ἐπὶ κρατῆρα χαλκοῦν ὅσον ἀμφορέων εἴκοσιν· εἶχον δὲ ἀναβάθραν, ἣν ἀναβᾶσα ὑπερπετὴς τοῦ λέβητος ἐλαιμοτόμει ἕκαστον μετεωρισθέντα· ἐκ δὲ τοῦ προχεομένου αἵματος εἰς τὸν κρατῆρα μαντείαν τινὰ ἐποιοῦντο, ἄλλαι δὲ διασχίσασαι ἐσπλάγχνευον ἀναφθεγγόμεναι νίκην τοῖς οἰκείοις.
Now, these priestesses, holding swords, would meet the captives throughout the camp, and having crowned them with wreaths, would lead them to a bronze mixing-bowl holding about twenty amphorae; and they had a raised platform, which a priestess would mount, and leaning over the cauldron, she would cut the throat of each prisoner as he was held aloft; and from the blood that poured into the bowl they would make a kind of prophecy, while others, having split open the bodies, would inspect the entrails and declare victory for their own people.
ἐν δὲ τοῖς ἀγῶσιν ἔτυπτον τὰς βύρσας τὰς περιτεταμένας τοῖς γέρροις τῶν ἁρμαμαξῶν, ὥστʼ ἀποτελεῖσθαι ψόφον ἐξαίσιον.
And in their battles they would beat the hides stretched over the wicker frames of their carriages, so that an extraordinary noise was produced.
§7.2.4τῶν δὲ Γερμανῶν, ὡς εἶπον, οἱ μὲν προσάρκτιοι παροικοῦσι τῷ ὠκεανῷ, γνωρίζονται δʼ ἀπὸ τῶν ἐκβολῶν τοῦ Ῥήνου λαβόντες τὴν ἀρχὴν μέχρι τοῦ Ἄλβιος. τούτων δʼ εἰσὶ γνωριμώτατοι Σούγαμβροί τε καὶ Κίμβροι.
Of the Germans, as I said, those in the north dwell along the ocean, and they are known starting from the mouths of the Rhine as far as the Albis; and of these, the most well-known are the Sugambri and the Cimbri.
τὰ δὲ πέραν τοῦ Ἄλβιος τὰ πρὸς τῷ ὠκεανῷ παντάπασιν ἄγνωστα ἡμῖν ἐστιν.
But the regions beyond the Albis that are near the ocean are entirely unknown to us.
οὔτε γὰρ τῶν προτέρων οὐδένας ἴσμεν τὸν παράπλουν τοῦτον πεποιημένους πρὸς τὰ ἑωθινὰ μέρη τὰ μέχρι τοῦ στόματος τῆς Κασπίας θαλάττης, οὔθʼ οἱ Ῥωμαῖοί πω προῆλθον εἰς τὰ περαιτέρω τοῦ Ἄλβιος· ὡς δʼ αὕτως οὐδὲ πεζῇ παρωδεύκασιν οὐδένες.
For we know of none of the predecessors who have made this coastal voyage toward the eastern parts as far as the mouth of the Caspian Sea, nor have the Romans yet advanced into the regions beyond the Albis; and likewise, no one has journeyed there by land.
ἀλλʼ ὅτι μὲν κατὰ μῆκος ἰοῦσιν ἐπὶ τὴν ἕω τὰ κατὰ τὸν Βορυσθένη καὶ τὰ πρὸς βορρᾶν τοῦ Πόντου χωρία ἀπαντᾷ, δῆλον ἐκ τῶν κλιμάτων καὶ τῶν παραλλήλων διαστημάτων.
But that, if one goes eastward in longitude, the regions along the Borysthenes and those north of the Pontus are met with, is clear from the climates and the parallel distances.
τί δʼ ἐστὶ πέραν τῆς Γερμανίας καὶ τί τῶν ἄλλων τῶν ἑξῆς, εἴτε Βαστάρνας χρὴ λέγειν, ὡς οἱ πλείους ὑπονοοῦσιν, εἴτʼ ἄλλους μεταξὺ ἢ Ἰάζυγας ἢ Ῥωξολανοὺς ἤ τινας ἄλλους τῶν ἁμαξοίκων οὐ ῥᾴδιον εἰπεῖν, οὐδʼ εἰ μέχρι τοῦ ὠκεανοῦ παρήκουσι παρὰ πᾶν τὸ μῆκος, ἢ ἔστι τι ἀοίκητον ὑπὸ ψύχους ἢ ἄλλης αἰτίας, ἢ εἰ καὶ γένος ἀνθρώπων ἄλλο διαδέχεται μεταξὺ τῆς θαλάττης καὶ τῶν ἑῴων Γερμανῶν ἱδρυμένον.
But what is beyond Germany and what is beyond the other countries next in order—whether we should say the Bastarnae, as most suspect, or other peoples in between, either the Iazyges or the Roxolani or some other of the wagon-dwellers—it is not easy to say; nor is it easy to say whether they extend as far as the ocean along its entire length, or whether there is some uninhabitable region due to cold or some other cause, or whether even another race of men succeeds, settled between the sea and the eastern Germans.
τοῦτο δὲ τὸ αὐτὸ ἀγνόημα καὶ περὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν ἐφεξῆς προσαρκτίων ἐπέχει. οὔτε γὰρ τοὺς Βαστάρνας οὔτε τοὺς Σαυρομάτας καὶ ἁπλῶς τοὺς ὑπὲρ τοῦ Πόντου οἰκοῦντας ἴσμεν, οὔθʼ ὁπόσον ἀπέχουσι τῆς Ἀτλαντικῆς θαλάττης, οὔτʼ εἰ συνάπτουσιν αὐτῇ.
And this same ignorance holds concerning the other northern peoples next in order; for we know neither the Bastarnae nor the Sauromatae, and simply those who dwell above the Pontus, nor do we know how far they are distant from the Atlantic Sea, nor whether they border on it.