§6.4.2#1εἰ δὲ δεῖ τῷ περὶ τῆς Ἰταλίας λόγῳ προσθεῖναί τινα λόγον κεφαλαιώδη καὶ περὶ τῶν Ῥωμαίων τῶν κατασχόντων αὐτὴν καὶ κατεσκευασμένων ὁρμητήριον πρὸς τὴν σύμπασαν ἡγεμονίαν, προσειλήφθω καὶ ταῦτα, ὅτι Ῥωμαῖοι μετὰ τὴν κτίσιν τῆς Ῥώμης βασιλευόμενοι διετέλεσαν σωφρόνως ἐπὶ πολλὰς γενεάς· ἔπειτα τοῦ ἐσχάτου Ταρκυνίου μοχθηρῶς ἄρχοντος, τὸν μὲν ἐξέβαλον πολιτείαν δὲ συνεστήσαντο μικτὴν ἔκ τε μοναρχίας καὶ ἀριστοκρατίας, κοινωνοῖς δʼ ἐχρήσαντο Σαβίνοις τε καὶ Λατίνοις· οὐκ εὐγνωμόνων δʼ οὔτε ἐκείνων ἀεὶ τυγχάνοντες οὔτε τῶν ἄλλων τῶν πλησιοχώρων ἠναγκάζοντο τρόπον τινὰ τῇ ἐκείνων καταλύσει τὴν σφετέραν ἐπαύξειν.
If it is necessary to add to the account of Italy some summary account of the Romans who took possession of it and established it as a base of operations for their hegemony over the whole world, let this also be added: that the Romans, after the founding of Rome, continued to be ruled by kings with moderation for many generations; then, when the last Tarquin ruled wickedly, they expelled him and established a mixed constitution composed of both monarchy and aristocracy, and they associated themselves with the Sabines and the Latins as partners; but since they did not always find either them or their other neighbors to be fair-minded, they were forced, in a way, to increase their own power by the overthrow of those peoples.
οὕτω δʼ αὐτοῖς κατʼ ὀλίγον προϊοῦσιν εἰς ἐπίδοσιν συνέβη τὴν πόλιν αἰφνιδίως ἀποβαλεῖν παρὰ τὴν ἁπάντων δόξαν, παρὰ δόξαν δὲ καὶ ἀπολαβεῖν· ἐγένετο δὲ τοῦτο, ὥς φησι Πολύβιος, ἔτει ἐννεακαιδεκάτῳ μετὰ τὴν ἐν Αἰγὸς ποταμοῖς ναυμαχίαν, κατὰ τὴν ἐπʼ Ἀνταλκίδου γενομένην εἰρήνην.
Thus, as they were advancing little by little toward progress, it happened that they suddenly lost their city contrary to everyone's expectation, and contrary to expectation recovered it; and this took place, as Polybius says, in the nineteenth year after the naval battle at Aegospotami, at the time of the Peace of Antalcidas.
διακρουσάμενοι δὲ τούτους Ῥωμαῖοι πρῶτον μὲν Λατίνους ἅπαντας ὑπηκόους ἐποιήσαντο, εἶτα Τυρρηνοὺς καὶ Κελτοὺς τοὺς περὶ τὸν Πάδον ἔπαυσαν τῆς πολλῆς καὶ ἀνέδην ἐλευθερίας· εἶτα Σαυνίτας, μετὰ δὲ τούτους Ταραντίνους καὶ Πύρρον κατεπολέμησαν, εἶτʼ ἤδη καὶ τὴν λοιπὴν τῆς νῦν Ἰταλίας πλὴν τῆς περὶ τὸν Πάδον.
Having driven these off, the Romans first made all the Latins subject to them, and then put an end to the excessive and unrestrained freedom of the Tyrrhenians and the Celts about the Padus; next they subdued the Samnites, and after them the Tarentines and Pyrrhus, and then at length also the rest of what is now Italy, except the part about the Padus.
ταύτης δʼ ἔτι καθεστώσης ἐν πολέμῳ διέβησαν εἰς τὴν Σικελίαν, ἀφελόμενοι δὲ Καρχηδονίων αὐτὴν ἐπανῆλθον ἐπὶ τοὺς περὶ τὸν Πάδον· συνεστῶτος δʼ ἔτι τούτου τοῦ πολέμου παρῆν Ἀννίβας εἰς τὴν Ἰταλίαν· καὶ δεύτερος οὗτος πόλεμος πρὸς Καρχηδονίους συνέπεσε, καὶ μετʼ οὐ πολὺ τρίτος, ἐν ᾧ κατεσκάφη Καρχηδών· ἅμα δὲ τήν τε Λιβύην ἔσχον Ῥωμαῖοι καὶ τῆς Ἰβηρίας ὅσον ἀφείλοντο τῶν Καρχηδονίων.
While this region was still engaged in war, they crossed over to Sicily, and having taken it away from the Carthaginians, they returned against the people about the Padus; and while this war was still in progress, Hannibal arrived in Italy; and this second war with the Carthaginians occurred, and not long after, a third, in which Carthage was razed; and at the same time the Romans acquired both Libya and as much of Iberia as they had taken away from the Carthaginians.
συνενεωτέρισαν δὲ τοῖς Καρχηδονίοις οἵ θʼ Ἕλληνες καὶ Μακεδόνες καὶ τῆς Ἀσίας οἱ ἐντὸς Ἅλυος καὶ τοῦ Ταύρου· καὶ τούτους οὖν ἅμα συγκατακτᾶσθαι προήχθησαν, ὧν Ἀντίοχός τε ἦν ὁ βασιλεὺς καὶ Φίλιππος καὶ Περσεύς.
Both the Greeks and Macedonians, and those in Asia this side of the Halys and the Taurus, joined the Carthaginians in attempting revolution; and therefore the Romans were led to conquer these also at the same time, among whose kings were Antiochus, Philip, and Perseus.
καὶ Ἰλλυριῶν δὲ καὶ Θρᾳκῶν οἱ πλησιόχωροι τοῖς τε Ἕλλησι καὶ Μακεδόσιν ἀρχὰς ἔλαβον τοῦ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους πολέμου, καὶ διετέλεσαν πολεμοῦντες μέχρι καταλύσεως ἁπάντων τῶν ἐντὸς Ἴστρου καὶ τῶν ἐντὸς Ἅλυος.
And those of the Illyrians and Thracians who were neighbors to the Greeks and Macedonians also began the war against the Romans, and continued to make war until the overthrow of all the peoples this side of the Ister and this side of the Halys.
τὰ δʼ αὐτὰ ἔπαθον καὶ Ἴβηρες καὶ Κελτοὶ καὶ ἅπαντες οἱ λοιποὶ ὅσοι Ῥωμαίων ὑπακούουσι· τήν τε γὰρ Ἰβηρίαν οὐκ ἐπαύσαντο ὑπαγόμενοι τοῖς ὅπλοις ἕως ἅπασαν κατεστρέψαντο, Νομαντίνους τε ἐξελόντες καὶ Οὐρίαθον καὶ Σερτώριον ὕστερον διαφθείραντες, ὑστάτους δὲ Καντάβρους, οὓς ὁ Σεβαστὸς Καῖσαρ· τήν Κελτικὴν ἅπασαν τήν τε ἐντὸς καὶ τὴν ἐκτὸς σὺν τῇ Λιγυστικῇ πρότερον μὲν κατὰ μέρος ἀεὶ προσήγοντο, ὕστερον δὲ Καῖσαρ ὁ θεὸς καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα ὁ Σεβαστὸς κοινῷ πολέμῳ καὶ ἀθρόως κατεκτήσαντο.
The Iberians, Celts, and all the rest who are subject to the Romans suffered the same fate; for they did not cease bringing Iberia under their arms until they had subdued the whole of it, having destroyed the Numantines and Viriathus, and later having ruined Sertorius, and lastly the Cantabrians, whom Augustus Caesar subdued; as for the whole of Celtica, both this side and the other side of the Alps, along with Liguria, they were formerly always bringing it over part by part, but later the deified Caesar and after him Augustus conquered it completely in a general war.