§6.3.3ἔφορος δʼ οὕτω λέγει περὶ τῆς κτίσεως· ἐπολέμουν Λακεδαιμόνιοι Μεσσηνίοις ἀποκτείνασι τὸν βασιλέα Τήλεκλον εἰς Μεσσήνην ἀφικόμενον ἐπὶ θυσίαν, ὀμόσαντες μὴ πρότερον ἐπανήξειν οἴκαδε πρὶν ἢ Μεσσήνην ἀνελεῖν ἢ πάντας ἀποθανεῖν·
Ephorus speaks thus concerning the founding: The Lacedaemonians were at war with the Messenians, who had killed King Teleclus when he came to Messene for a sacrifice, having sworn not to return home before they either destroyed Messene or all died.
φύλακας δὲ τῆς πόλεως κατέλιπον στρατεύοντες τούς τε νεωτάτους καὶ πρεσβυτάτους τῶν πολιτῶν.
And on going out to war, they left the youngest and oldest of the citizens as guards of the city.
δεκάτῳ δʼ ὕστερον τοῦ πολέμου τὰς γυναῖκας τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων συνελθούσας ἐξ ἑαυτῶν πέμψαι τινὰς παρὰ τοὺς ἄνδρας τὰς μεμψομένας, ὡς οὐκ ἐπʼ ἴσοις πολεμοῖεν πρὸς τοὺς Μεσσηνίους (οἱ μὲν γὰρ μένοντες τεκνοποιοῦνται, οἱ δὲ χήρας ἀφέντες τὰς γυναῖκας ἐν τῇ πολεμίᾳ ἐστρατοπέδευον), καὶ κίνδυνος εἴη λιπανδρῆσαι τὴν πατρίδα.
In the tenth year of the war, the wives of the Lacedaemonians, having assembled on their own initiative, sent some of their number to their husbands to complain that they were not waging war against the Messenians on equal terms (for the latter, remaining at home, were procreating, whereas the Lacedaemonians, leaving their wives widows, were encamped in enemy territory), and there was danger that their fatherland would be left destitute of men.
οἱ δʼ ἅμα καὶ τὸν ὅρκον φυλάττοντες καὶ τὸν τῶν γυναικῶν λόγον ἐν νῷ θέμενοι πέμπουσι τῆς στρατιᾶς τοὺς εὐρωστοτάτους ἅμα καὶ νεωτάτους, οὓς ᾔδεσαν οὐ μετασχόντας τῶν ὅρκων διὰ τὸ παῖδας ἔτι ὄντας συνεξελθεῖν τοῖς ἐν ἡλικίᾳ· προσέταξαν δὲ συγγίνεσθαι ταῖς παρθένοις ἁπάσαις ἅπαντας, ἡγούμενοι πολυτεκνήσειν μᾶλλον·
The husbands, both keeping their oath and taking the words of the women to heart, sent the strongest and at the same time youngest of the army, whom they knew had not taken part in the oaths because, being still children, they had gone out with those of military age; and they ordered them all to cohabit with all the virgins, thinking they would thus produce more children.
γενομένων δὲ τούτων οἱ μὲν παῖδες ὠνομάσθησαν Παρθενίαι.
When this was done, the children were named Partheniae.
Μεσσήνη δὲ ἑάλω πολεμηθεῖσα ἐννεακαίδεκα ἔτη, καθάπερ καὶ Τυρταῖός φησιν
"
ἀμφʼ αὐτὴν δʼ ἐμάχοντʼ ἐννεακαίδεκʼ ἔτη,
νωλεμέως αἰεὶ ταλασίφρονα θυμὸν ἔχοντες,
αἰχμηταὶ πατέρων ἡμετέρων πατέρες.
Messene was captured after being fought over for nineteen years, just as Tyrtaeus also says: "Around it they fought for nineteen years, unceasingly, ever keeping a stout-hearted spirit, the spear-bearing fathers of our fathers.
εἰκοστῷ δʼ οἱ μὲν κατὰ πίονα ἔργα λιπόντες
φεῦγον Ἰθωμαίων ἐκ μεγάλων ὀρέων. "
τὴν μὲν οὖν Μεσσηνίαν κατενείμαντο, ἐπανελθόντες δʼ οἴκαδε τοὺς Παρθενίας οὐχ ὁμοίως τοῖς ἄλλοις ἐτίμων ὡς οὐκ ἐκ γάμου γεγονότας·
But in the twentieth year, leaving their rich fields, they fled from the great mountains of Ithome." Now they distributed the Messenian land among themselves; but when they returned home, they did not honor the Partheniae equally with the others, as not having been born from marriage.
οἳ συνιστάμενοι μετὰ τῶν Εἱλώτων ἐπεβούλευσαν τοῖς Λακεδαιμονίοις καὶ συνέθεντο ἆραι σύσσημον ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾷ πῖλον Λακωνικόν, ἐπειδὰν ἐγχειρῶσι.
These, conspiring with the Helots, plotted against the Lacedaemonians and agreed to raise a Laconian cap in the agora as a signal when they should make the attack.
τῶν δὲ Εἱλώτων τινὲς ἐξαγγείλαντες, τὸ μὲν ἀντεπιτίθεσθαι χαλεπὸν ἔγνωσαν· καὶ γὰρ πολλοὺς εἶναι καὶ πάντας ὁμόφρονας, ὡς ἂν ἀλλήλων ἀδελφοὺς νομιζομένους· τοὺς μέλλοντας δʼ αἴρειν τὸ σύσσημον ἐκ τῆς ἀγορᾶς ἀπιέναι προσέταξαν.
But some of the Helots having betrayed the plot, the Lacedaemonians decided that to make a counter-attack would be difficult; for they were many, and all of one mind, since they regarded one another as brothers; so they ordered those who were about to raise the signal to depart from the agora.
οἱ μὲν δὴ μεμηνυμένην αἰσθόμενοι τὴν πρᾶξιν ἐπέσχον, οἱ δὲ διὰ τῶν πατέρων ἔπεισαν αὐτοὺς εἰς ἀποικίαν ἐξελθεῖν· κἂν μὲν κατάσχωσιν ἀρκοῦντα τὸν τόπον, μένειν, εἰ δὲ μή, τῆς Μεσσηνίας τὸ πέμπτον κατανείμασθαι μέρος ἐπανιόντας.
So they, perceiving that the plot had been disclosed, held back, but the Lacedaemonians, through the fathers, persuaded them to go out to a colony; and if they should occupy a sufficient territory, to remain there, but if not, to return and receive a fifth share of the Messenian land.
οἱ δὲ σταλέντες κατελάβοντο τοὺς Ἀχαιοὺς πολεμοῦντας τοῖς βαρβάροις, μετασχόντες δὲ τῶν κινδύνων κτίζουσι τὴν Τάραντα.
Those who were sent out found the Achaeans at war with the barbarians, and having shared their dangers, they founded Taras.
§6.3.4ἴσχυσαν δέ ποτε οἱ Ταραντῖνοι καθʼ ὑπερβολὴν πολιτευόμενοι δημοκρατικῶς· καὶ γὰρ ναυτικὸν ἐκέκτηντο μέγιστον τῶν ταύτῃ καὶ πεζοὺς ἔστελλον τρισμυρίους, ἱππέας δὲ τρισχιλίους, ἱππάρχους δὲ χιλίους.
The Tarentines once possessed extraordinary power, governing themselves democratically; for they acquired the largest navy of those in this region, and could send out thirty thousand foot-soldiers, three thousand cavalry, and a thousand commanders of cavalry.
ἀπεδέξαντο δὲ καὶ τὴν Πυθαγόρειον φιλοσοφίαν, διαφερόντως δʼ Ἀρχύτας, ὃς καὶ προέστη τῆς πόλεως πολὺν χρόνον.
They also accepted the Pythagorean philosophy, and especially Archytas, who also directed the affairs of the city for a long time.
ἐξίσχυσε δʼ ἡ ὕστερον τρυφὴ διὰ τὴν εὐδαιμονίαν, ὥστε τὰς πανδήμους ἑορτὰς πλείους ἄγεσθαι κατʼ ἔτος παρʼ αὐτοῖς ἢ τὰς ἡμέρας· ἐκ δὲ τούτου καὶ χεῖρον ἐπολιτεύοντο.
But afterwards luxury got the upper hand because of their prosperity, so that the public festivals celebrated among them each year were more numerous than the days; and because of this, they also governed themselves worse.
ἓν δὲ τῶν φαύλων πολιτευμάτων τεκμήριόν ἐστι τὸ ξενικοῖς στρατηγοῖς χρῆσθαι· καὶ γὰρ τὸν Μολοττὸν Ἀλέξανδρον μετεπέμψαντο ἐπὶ Μεσσαπίους καὶ Λευκανούς, καὶ ἔτι πρότερον Ἀρχίδαμον τὸν Ἀγησιλάου καὶ ὕστερον Κλεώνυμον καὶ Ἀγαθοκλέα, εἶτα Πύρρον, ἡνίκα συνέστησαν πρὸς Ῥωμαίους.
One token of their bad government is their employment of foreign generals; for they sent for Alexander the Molossian against the Messapians and Lucanians, and even before that, Archidamus the son of Agesilaus, and afterwards Cleonymus and Agathocles, and then Pyrrhus, when they allied against the Romans.
οὐδʼ ἐκείνοις δʼ εὐπειθεῖν ἠδύναντο οὓς ἐπεκαλοῦντο, ἀλλʼ εἰς ἔχθραν αὐτοὺς καθίστασαν.
Nor were they able to be obedient even to those whom they called in, but rather brought themselves into enmity with them.
ὁ γοῦν Ἀλέξανδρος τὴν κοινὴν Ἑλλήνων τῶν ταύτῃ πανήγυριν, ἣν ἔθος ἦν ἐν Ἡρακλείᾳ συντελεῖν τῆς Ταραντίνης, μετάγειν ἐπειρᾶτο εἰς τὴν Θουρίαν κατὰ ἔχθος, ἐκέλευέ τε κατὰ τὸν Ἀκάλανδρον ποταμὸν τειχίζειν τόπον, ὅπου ἔσοιντο αἱ σύνοδοι· καὶ δὴ καὶ ἡ συμβᾶσα αὐτῷ κακοπραγία διὰ τὴν ἐκείνων ἀγνωμοσύνην ἀπαντῆσαι λέγεται.
Alexander, at any rate, tried to transfer the common festival of the Greeks in these parts, which was customarily celebrated at Heracleia in the territory of Tarentum, to the territory of Thurium because of his hatred, and ordered them to fortify a place near the river Acalandrus where the assemblies were to be held; and indeed, the misfortune which befell him is said to have come upon him because of their ingratitude.
πρὸς δὲ Μεσσαπίους ἐπολέμησαν περὶ Ἡρακλείας, ἔχοντες συνεργοὺς τόν τε τῶν Δαυνίων καὶ τὸν τῶν Πευκετίων βασιλέα.
They also waged war against the Messapians for Heracleia, having as allies the king of the Daunii and the king of the Peucetii.
περί τε τὰ Ἀννίβεια καὶ τὴν ἐλευθερίαν ἀφῃρέθησαν, ὕστερον δʼ ἀποικίαν Ῥωμαίων δεξάμενοι καθʼ ἡσυχίαν ζῶσι καὶ βέλτιον ἢ πρότερον.
And in the time of the Hannibalic War they were deprived of their freedom, but afterwards, having received a Roman colony, they live in peace and in a better state than before.