§4.4.1μετὰ δὲ τὰ λεχθέντα ἔθνη τὰ λοιπὰ Βελγῶν ἐστιν ἔθνη τῶν παρωκεανιτῶν, ὧν Ὀυένετοι μέν εἰσιν οἱ ναυμαχήσαντες πρὸς Καίσαρα· ἕτοιμοι γὰρ ἦσαν κωλύειν τὸν εἰς τὴν Βρεττανικὴν πλοῦν χρώμενοι τῷ ἐμπορίῳ.
After the tribes mentioned, the rest are the tribes of the Belgae along the ocean, of whom the Veneti are those who fought the sea battle against Caesar; for they were ready to prevent the voyage to Britain, making use of their trade-station.
κατεναυμάχησε δὲ ῥᾳδίως, οὐκ ἐμβόλοις χρώμενος (ἦν γὰρ παχέα τὰ ξύλα) ἀλλʼ ἀνέμῳ φερομένων ἐπʼ αὐτὸν κατέσπων οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι τὰ ἱστία δορυδρεπάνοις· ἦν γὰρ σκύτινα διὰ τὴν βίαν τῶν ἀνέμων· ἁλύσεις δʼ ἔτεινον ἀντὶ κάλων.
But he defeated them in the sea battle easily, not by making use of rams (for the timbers were thick), but as they were being carried toward him by the wind, the Romans dragged down their sails with pole-harpoons; for the sails were made of leather because of the violence of the winds, and they stretched chains instead of cables.
πλατύπυγα δὲ ποιοῦσι καὶ ὑψίπρυμνα καὶ ὑψόπρῳρα διὰ τὰς ἀμπώτεις, δρυΐνης ὕλης ἧς ἐστιν εὐπορία·
They build their ships flat-bottomed, high-sterned, and high-prowed because of the ebb-tides, using oak timber, of which there is an abundance.
διόπερ οὐ συνάγουσι τὰς ἁρμονίας τῶν σανίδων, ἀλλʼ ἀραιώματα καταλείπουσι· ταῦτα δὲ βρύοις διανάττουσι τοῦ μὴ κατὰ τὰς νεωλκίας καπυροῦσθαι τὴν ὕλην μὴ νοτιζομένην, τοῦ μὲν βρύου νοτιωτέρου ὄντος τῇ φύσει, τῆς δὲ δρυὸς ξηρᾶς καὶ ἀλιποῦς.
Therefore, they do not bring the joints of the planks close together, but leave gaps; and these they pack with moss, so that during the hauling up of the ships, the timber, not being moistened, may not become parched and brittle, since the moss is by nature rather moist, while the oak is dry and without fat.
τούτους οἶμαι τοὺς Ὀυενέτους οἰκιστὰς εἶναι τῶν κατὰ τὸν Ἀδρίαν· καὶ γὰρ οἱ ἄλλοι πάντες σχεδόν τι οἱ ἐν τῇ Ἰταλίᾳ Κελτοὶ μετανέστησαν ἐκ τῆς ὑπὲρ τῶν Ἄλπεων γῆς, καθάπερ καὶ οἱ Βόιοι καὶ Σένονες· διὰ δὲ τὴν ὁμωνυμίαν Παφλαγόνας φασὶν αὐτούς.
I believe that these Veneti are the colonists of those on the Adriatic; for almost all the other Celts in Italy migrated from the land beyond the Alps, just like the Boii and the Senones; but because of the identity of name, people say they are Paphlagonians.
λέγω δʼ οὐκ ἰσχυριζόμενος· ἀρκεῖ γὰρ περὶ τῶν τοιούτων τὸ εἰκός.
I say this without asserting it; for in such matters, probability is sufficient.
Ὀσίσμιοι δʼ εἰσίν, οὓς τιμίους ὀνομάζει Πυθέας, ἐπί τινος προπεπτωκυίας ἱκανῶς ἄκρας εἰς τὸν ὠκεανὸν οἰκοῦντες, οὐκ ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον δὲ ἐφʼ ὅσον ἐκεῖνος φησι καὶ οἱ πιστεύσαντες ἐκείνῳ.
There are also the Osismii, whom Pytheas calls Timii, dwelling upon a certain peninsula which projects considerably into the ocean, though not to such an extent as he says and those who have believed him.
τῶν δὲ μεταξὺ ἐθνῶν τοῦ τε Σηκοάνα καὶ τοῦ Λίγηρος οἱ μὲν τοῖς Σηκοανοῖς οἱ δὲ τοῖς Ἀρουέρνοις ὁμοροῦσι.
Of the tribes between the Sequanas and the Liger, some border on the Sequani, and others on the Arverni.
§4.4.2τὸ δὲ σύμπαν φῦλον, ὃ νῦν Γαλλικόν τε καὶ Γαλατικὸν καλοῦσιν, ἀρειμάνιόν ἐστι καὶ θυμικόν τε καὶ ταχὺ πρὸς μάχην, ἄλλως δὲ ἁπλοῦν καὶ οὐ κακόηθες.
The whole race which is now called both Gallic and Galatic is war-mad, high-spirited, and quick for battle, but otherwise simple and not ill-natured.
διὰ δὲ τοῦτο ἐρεθισθέντες μὲν ἀθρόοι συνίασι πρὸς τοὺς ἀγῶνας καὶ φανερῶς καὶ οὐ μετὰ περισκέψεως, ὥστε καὶ εὐμεταχείριστοι γίνονται τοῖς καταστρατηγεῖν ἐθέλουσι· καὶ γὰρ ὅτε βούλεται καὶ ὅπου καὶ ἀφʼ ἧς ἔτυχε προφάσεως παροξύνας τις αὐτοὺς ἑτοίμους ἔσχε πρὸς τὸν κίνδυνον, πλὴν βίας καὶ τόλμης οὐδὲν ἔχοντας τὸ συναγωνιζόμενον.
Because of this, when provoked, they come together in a body for contests, both openly and without circumspection, so that they also become easy to handle for those who wish to out-general them; for indeed, whenever one wishes, and wherever, and on whatever pretext happens to occur, if someone provokes them, he finds them ready for danger, having nothing to help them in their struggle except force and daring.
παραπεισθέντες δὲ εὐμαρῶς ἐνδιδόασι πρὸς τὸ χρήσιμον, ὥστε καὶ παιδείας ἅπτεσθαι καὶ λόγων.
But when persuaded, they easily yield to what is useful, so as even to apply themselves to education and philosophy.
τῆς δὲ βίας τὸ μὲν ἐκ τῶν σωμάτων ἐστὶ μεγάλων ὄντων, τὸ δʼ ἐκ τοῦ πλήθους· συνίασι δὲ κατὰ πλῆθος ῥᾳδίως διὰ τὸ ἁπλοῦν καὶ αὐθέκαστον, συναγανακτούντων τοῖς ἀδικεῖσθαι δοκοῦσιν ἀεὶ τῶν πλησίον.
Part of their force comes from their bodies, which are large, and part from their numbers; and they come together in numbers easily because of their simplicity and straightforwardness, as their neighbors always join in the indignation of those who seem to be wronged.
νυνὶ μὲν οὖν ἐν εἰρήνῃ πάντες εἰσὶ δεδουλωμένοι καὶ ζῶντες κατὰ τὰ προστάγματα τῶν ἑλόντων αὐτοὺς Ῥωμαίων, ἀλλʼ ἐκ τῶν παλαιῶν χρόνων τοῦτο λαμβάνομεν περὶ αὐτῶν καὶ τῶν μέχρι νῦν συμμενόντων παρὰ τοῖς Γερμανοῖς νομίμων.
Now, indeed, they are all at peace, having been enslaved and living according to the commands of the Romans who took them; but we obtain this account of them from ancient times, and from the customs that remain among the Germans up to the present.
καὶ γὰρ τῇ φύσει καὶ τοῖς πολιτεύμασιν ἐμφερεῖς εἰσι καὶ συγγενεῖς ἀλλήλοις οὗτοι, ὅμορόν τε οἰκοῦσι χώραν διοριζομένην τῷ Ῥήνῳ ποταμῷ καὶ παραπλήσια ἔχουσαν τὰ πλεῖστα.
For both by nature and in their institutions these peoples are similar and akin to one another, and they inhabit a neighboring country which is divided by the river Rhine and is very similar in most respects.
ἀρκτικωτέρα δʼ ἐστὶν ἡ Γερμανία, κρινομένων τῶν τε νοτίων μερῶν πρὸς τὰ νότια καὶ τῶν ἀρκτικῶν πρὸς τὰ ἀρκτικά.
But Germany is more northerly, if the southern parts are judged in comparison with the southern, and the northerly with the northerly.
διὰ τοῦτο δὲ καὶ τὰς μεταναστάσεις αὐτῶν ῥαδίως ὑπάρχειν συμβαίνει, φερομένων ἀγεληδὸν καὶ πανστρατιᾷ, μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ πανοικίων ἐξαιρόντων, ὅταν ὑπʼ ἄλλων ἐκβάλλωνται κρειττόνων.
For this reason, it also happens that their migrations take place easily, as they move in herds and with their whole army, or rather even setting out with their entire households, whenever they are driven out by others who are stronger.
οἵ τε Ῥωμαῖοι πολὺ ῥᾷον τούτους ἐχειρώσαντο ἢ τοὺς Ἴβηρας· καὶ γὰρ ἤρξαντο πρότερον καὶ ἐπαύσαντο ὕστερον ἐκείνοις πολεμοῦντες, τούτους δʼ ἐν τῷ μεταξὺ χρόνῳ πάντας κατέλυσαν, τοὺς ἀνὰ μέσον Ῥήνου καὶ τῶν Πυρηναίων ὀρῶν σύμπαντας.
The Romans subdued these people much more easily than the Iberians; for indeed they began earlier and ceased later in waging war against those, but these they destroyed all of them in the intervening time, all those between the Rhine and the Pyrenees mountains.
ἀθρόοι γὰρ καὶ κατὰ πλῆθος ἐμπίπτοντες ἀθρόοι κατελύοντο, οἱ δʼ ἐταμίευον καὶ κατεκερμάτιζον τοὺς ἀγῶνας, ἄλλοτε ἄλλοι καὶ κατʼ ἄλλα μέρη λῃστρικῶς πολεμοῦντες.
For since they fell upon the enemy in a body and in numbers, they were destroyed in a body, but those other people hoarded and economized their struggles, fighting in a guerrilla-like manner, different ones at different times and in different parts.
εἰσὶ μὲν οὖν μαχηταὶ πάντες τῇ φύσει, κρείττους δʼ ἱππόται ἢ πεζοί, καὶ ἔστι Ῥωμαίοις τῆς ἱππείας ἀρίστη παρὰ τούτων.
Now indeed they are all warriors by nature, but they are better as horsemen than as foot-soldiers, and the best of the cavalry for the Romans comes from these.
ἀεὶ δὲ οἱ προσβορρότεροι καὶ παρωκεανῖται μαχιμώτεροι.
And always those who are more northerly and along the ocean are more warlike.