§4.1.5διοικοῦνται δʼ ἀριστοκρατικῶς οἱ Μασσαλιῶται πάντων εὐνομώτατα, ἀνδρῶν ἑξακοσίων καταστήσαντες συνέδριον διὰ βίου ταύτην ἐχόντων τὴν τιμήν, οὓς τιμούχους καλοῦσι.
The Massaliotes are governed aristocratically in the most orderly manner of all, having established a council of six hundred men who hold this honor for life, whom they call Timouchoi.
πεντεκαίδεκα δʼ εἰσὶ τοῦ συνεδρίου προεστῶτες, τούτοις δὲ τὰ πρόχειρα διοικεῖν δέδοται.
Fifteen of the council are the presiding officers, and to these is given the administration of immediate business.
πάλιν δὲ τῶν πεντεκαίδεκα προκάθηνται τρεῖς οἱ πλεῖστον ἰσχύοντες, τούτων δὲ εἷς·
Again, three of the fifteen, who have the greatest power, preside, and of these three, one is the head.
τιμοῦχος δʼ οὐ γίνεται μὴ τέκνα ἔχων μηδὲ διὰ τριγονίας ἐκ πολιτῶν γεγονώς.
No one becomes a Timouchos unless he has children and is descended from citizens for three generations.
οἱ δὲ νόμοι Ἰωνικοί, πρόκεινται δὲ δημοσίᾳ.
Their laws are Ionian, and are publicly displayed.
χώραν δʼ ἔχουσιν ἐλαιόφυτον μὲν καὶ κατάμπελον, σίτῳ δὲ λυπροτέραν διὰ τὴν τραχύτητα, ὥστε πεποιθότες τῇ θαλάττῃ μᾶλλον ἢ τῇ γῇ τὸ πρὸς ναυτιλίας εὐφυὲς εἵλοντο μᾶλλον.
They possess a land planted with olives and vines, but rather poor for wheat on account of its ruggedness, so that, trusting in the sea rather than the land, they preferred instead their natural aptitude for navigation.
ὕστερον μέντοι ταῖς ἀνδραγαθίαις ἴσχυσαν προσλαβεῖν τινα τῶν πέριξ πεδίων ἀπὸ τῆς αὐτῆς δυνάμεως ἀφʼ ἧς καὶ τὰς πόλεις ἔκτισαν, ἐπιτειχίσματα τὰς μὲν κατὰ τὴν Ἰβηρίαν τοῖς Ἴβηρσιν, οἷς καὶ τὰ ἱερὰ τῆς Ἐφεσίας Ἀρτέμιδος παρέδοσαν τὰ πάτρια ὥστε ἑλληνιστὶ θύειν, τὴν δὲ * Ῥόην Ἀγάθην τοῖς περὶ τὸν ποταμὸν οἰκοῦσι τὸν Ῥοδανὸν βαρβάροις, τὸ δὲ Ταυροέντιον καὶ τὴν Ὀλβίαν καὶ Ἀντίπολιν καὶ Νίκαιαν τῷ τῶν Σαλύων ἔθνει καὶ τοῖς Λίγυσι τοῖς τὰς Ἄλπεις οἰκοῦσιν.
Later, however, by their brave deeds they succeeded in acquiring some of the surrounding plains by the same military power with which they had founded their cities, as fortifications—on the one hand, those in Iberia against the Iberians, to whom they also handed down the ancestral rites of Ephesian Artemis so that they sacrifice in the Greek fashion, and on the other hand, * Roe and Agathe against the barbarians living around the river Rhodanus, and Tauroention, Olbia, Antipolis, and Nicaea against the nation of the Salyes and the Ligurians who inhabit the Alps.
εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ νεώσοικοι παρʼ αὐτοῖς καὶ ὁπλοθήκη· πρότερον δὲ καὶ πλοίων εὐπορία καὶ ὅπλων καὶ ὀργάνων τῶν τε πρὸς τὰς ναυτιλίας χρησίμων καὶ τῶν πρὸς πολιορκίας, ἀφʼ ὧν πρός τε τοὺς βαρβάρους ἀντέσχον καὶ Ῥωμαίους ἐκτήσαντο φίλους, καὶ πολλὰ καὶ αὐτοὶ χρήσιμοι κατέστησαν ἐκείνοις κἀκεῖνοι προσέλαβον τῆς αὐξήσεως αὐτῶν.
They also have ship-sheds and an armory among them; and formerly they had an abundance of ships, arms, and engines, both those useful for navigation and those for sieges, by means of which they held out against the barbarians and acquired the Romans as friends, and they themselves became very useful to them, and the Romans contributed to their growth.
Σέξτιος γοῦν ὁ καταλύσας τοὺς Σάλυας, οὐ πολὺ ἄπωθεν τῆς Μασσαλίας κτίσας πόλιν ὁμώνυμον ἑαυτοῦ τε καὶ τῶν ὑδάτων τῶν θερμῶν, ὧν τινὰ μεταβεβληκέναι φασὶν εἰς ψυχρά, ἐνταῦθά τε φρουρὰν κατῴκισε Ῥωμαίων, καὶ ἐκ τῆς παραλίας τῆς εἰς τὴν Ἰταλίαν ἀγούσης ἀπὸ Μασσαλίας ἀνέστειλε τοὺς βαρβάρους, οὐ δυναμένων τῶν Μασσαλιωτῶν ἀνείργειν αὐτοὺς τελέως.
Sextius, at any rate, who overthrew the Salyes, founded not far from Massalia a city named after both himself and the warm waters—some of which they say have changed into cold—and established there a Roman garrison, and drove back the barbarians from the coastline leading to Italy from Massalia, as the Massaliotes were not able to keep them back completely.
οὐδʼ αὐτὸς δὲ πλέον ἴσχυσεν ἀλλʼ ἢ τοσοῦτον μόνον ὅσον κατὰ μὲν τὰ εὐλίμενα ἀπὸ τῆς θαλάττης ἀπελθεῖν τοὺς βαρβάρους ἐπὶ δώδεκα σταδίους, κατὰ δὲ τοὺς τραχῶνας ἐπὶ ὀκτώ· τὴν δὲ λειφθεῖσαν ὑπʼ ἐκείνων τοῖς Μασσαλιώταις παραδέδωκεν.
Nor was he himself able to do more than this, namely, to make the barbarians withdraw from the sea to a distance of twelve stadia in the well-harbored parts, and eight stadia in the rugged parts; and the land left by them he handed over to the Massaliotes.
ἀνάκειται δʼ ἐν πόλει συχνὰ τῶν ἀκροθινίων, ἃ ἔλαβον καταναυμαχοῦντες ἀεὶ τοὺς ἀμφισβητοῦντας τῆς θαλάττης ἀδίκως.
There are dedicated in the city many first-fruits of spoils which they took in continually defeating in sea-fights those who disputed the sea unjustly.
πρότερον μὲν οὖν εὐτύχουν διαφερόντως περί τε τἆλλα καὶ περὶ τὴν πρὸς Ῥωμαίους φιλίαν, ἧς πολλὰ ἄν τις λάβοι σημεῖα· καὶ δὴ καὶ τὸ ξόανον τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος τῆς ἐν τῷ Ἀβεντίνῳ οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι τὴν αὐτὴν διάθεσιν ἔχον τῷ παρὰ τοῖς Μασσαλιώταις ἀνέθεσαν.
In former times, then, they were exceptionally prosperous in other respects and especially in their friendship with the Romans, of which one might find many signs; and indeed, the Romans dedicated the wooden image of Artemis on the Aventine, having the same design as that among the Massaliotes.
κατὰ δὲ τὴν Πομπηίου πρὸς Καίσαρα στάσιν τῷ κρατηθέντι μέρει προσθέμενοι τὴν πολλὴν τῆς εὐδαιμονίας ἀπέβαλον, ὅμως δʼ οὖν ἴχνη λείπεται τοῦ παλαιοῦ ζήλου παρὰ τοῖς ἀνθρώποις καὶ μάλιστα περὶ τὰς ὀργανοποιίας καὶ τὴν ναυτικὴν παρασκευήν.
But during the strife of Pompey against Caesar, by joining the defeated party, they lost the greater part of their prosperity; nevertheless, traces of their old zeal still remain among the people, especially in the manufacturing of engines and in naval equipment.
ἐξημερουμένων δʼ ἀεὶ τῶν ὑπερκειμένων βαρβάρων καὶ ἀντὶ τοῦ πολεμεῖν τετραμμένων ἤδη πρὸς πολιτείας καὶ γεωργίας διὰ τὴν τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἐπικράτειαν, οὐδʼ αὐτοῖς ἔτι τούτοις συμβαίνοι ἂν περὶ τὰ λεχθέντα τοσαύτη σπουδή. δηλοῖ δὲ τὰ καθεστηκότα νυνί·
But since the barbarians dwelling above them are continually being civilized, and instead of waging war have already turned to political life and agriculture because of the supremacy of the Romans, such great zeal concerning the aforementioned matters would no longer occur for them either.
πάντες γὰρ οἱ χαρίεντες πρὸς τὸ λέγειν τρέπονται καὶ φιλοσοφεῖν, ὥσθʼ ἡ πόλις μικρὸν μὲν πρότερον τοῖς βαρβάροις ἀνεῖτο παιδευτήριον, καὶ φιλέλληνας κατεσκεύαζε τοὺς Γαλάτας ὥστε καὶ τὰ συμβόλαια ἑλληνιστὶ γράφειν, ἐν δὲ τῷ παρόντι καὶ τοὺς γνωριμωτάτους Ῥωμαίων πέπεικεν ἀντὶ τῆς εἰς Ἀθήνας ἀποδημίας ἐκεῖσε φοιτᾶν φιλομαθεῖς ὄντας.
This is shown by the present state of affairs; for all the cultivated people turn to speaking and philosophy, so that the city, which a little while ago was opened to the barbarians as a school and made the Gauls philhellenes so that they even wrote their contracts in Greek, has at present persuaded even the most notable of the Romans, when they are desirous of learning, to resort there instead of traveling to Athens.
ὁρῶντες δὲ τούτους οἱ Γαλάται καὶ ἅμα εἰρήνην ἄγοντες, τὴν σχολὴν ἄσμενοι πρὸς τοὺς τοιούτους διατίθενται βίους οὐ κατʼ ἄνδρα μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ δημοσίᾳ· σοφιστὰς γοῦν ὑποδέχονται τοὺς μὲν ἰδίᾳ, τοὺς δὲ πόλεις κοινῇ μισθούμεναι, καθάπερ καὶ ἰατρούς.
Seeing these things, the Gauls, and at the same time enjoying peace, gladly devote their leisure to such lives, not only individually but also publicly; at any rate, they welcome sophists, some privately, and some cities hire them publicly, just as they do physicians.
τῆς δὲ λιτότητος τῶν βίων καὶ τῆς σωφροσύνης τῶν Μασσαλιωτῶν οὐκ ἐλάχιστον ἄν τις θείη τοῦτο τεκμήριον· ἡ γὰρ μεγίστη προὶξ αὐτοῖς ἐστιν ἑκατὸν χρυσοῖ καὶ εἰς ἐσθῆτα πέντε καὶ πέντε εἰς χρυσοῦν κόσμον· πλέον δʼ οὐκ ἔξεστι.
One would place this as no small proof of the simplicity of life and the temperance of the Massaliotes: for the greatest dowry among them is a hundred gold pieces, and five for clothing, and five for gold ornaments; more is not permitted.
καὶ ὁ Καῖσαρ δὲ καὶ οἱ μετʼ ἐκεῖνον ἡγεμόνες πρὸς τὰς ἐν τῷ πολέμῳ γενηθείσας ἁμαρτίας ἐμετρίασαν μεμνημένοι τῆς φιλίας καὶ τὴν αὐτονομίαν ἐφύλαξαν, ἣν ἐξ ἀρχῆς εἶχεν ἡ πόλις, ὥστε μὴ ὑπακούειν τῶν εἰς τὴν ἐπαρχίαν πεμπομένων στρατηγῶν μήτε αὐτὴν μήτε τοὺς ὑπηκόους.
Moreover, Caesar and the leaders after him acted with moderation towards the errors committed in the war, remembering their friendship, and preserved the autonomy which the city had from the beginning, so that neither the city itself nor its subjects obey the governors sent to the province.
περὶ μὲν Μασσαλίας ταῦτα.
Thus much concerning Massalia.