§4.1.1Ἐφεξῆς δʼ ἐστὶν ἡ ὑπὲρ τῶν Ἄλπεων Κελτική.
Next in order is Celtica beyond the Alps.
ταύτης δὲ καὶ τὸ σχῆμα ὑπογέγραπται πρότερον τυπωδῶς καὶ τὸ μέγεθος· νυνὶ δὲ λεκτέον τὰ καθʼ ἕκαστα.
Both its shape and its size have already been described previously in outline, but now we must speak of the details.
οἱ μὲν δὴ τριχῆ διῄρουν Ἀκυιτανοὺς καὶ Βέλγας καλοῦντες καὶ Κέλτας, τοὺς μὲν Ἀκυιτανοὺς τελέως ἐξηλλαγμένους οὐ τῇ γλώττῃ μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς σώμασιν ἐμφερεῖς Ἴβηρσι μᾶλλον ἢ Γαλάταις, τοὺς δὲ λοιποὺς Γαλατικοὺς μὲν τὴν ὄψιν, ὁμογλώττους δʼ οὐ πάντας, ἀλλʼ ἐνίους μικρὸν παραλλάττοντας ταῖς γλώτταις· καὶ πολιτεία δὲ καὶ οἱ βίοι μικρὸν ἐξηλλαγμένοι εἰσίν.
Previously, indeed, they divided it into three parts, calling the inhabitants Aquitanians, Belgians, and Celts; the Aquitanians being completely different, not only in their language but also in their bodies, and resembling Iberians more than Galatians; while the rest were Galatian in appearance, though not all of the same tongue, but some differing slightly in their languages; and their constitutions and lives also differed slightly.
Ἀκυιτανοὺς μὲν οὖν καὶ Κέλτας ἔλεγον τοὺς πρὸς τῇ Πυρήνῃ, διωρισμένους τῷ Κεμμένῳ ὄρει.
Now, they used to call those who were near the Pyrenees and separated by the Cevennes mountain Aquitanians and Celts.
εἴρηται γὰρ ὅτι τὴν Κελτικὴν ταύτην ἀπὸ μὲν τῆς δύσεως ὁρίζει τὰ Πυρηναῖα ὄρη, προσαπτόμενα τῆς ἑκατέρωθεν θαλάττης τῆς τε ἐντὸς καὶ τῆς ἐκτός· ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν ἀνατολῶν ὁ Ῥῆνος παράλληλος ὢν τῇ Πυρήνῃ· τὰ δʼ ἀπὸ τῶν ἄρκτων καὶ τῆς μεσημβρίας τὰ μὲν ὁ ὠκεανὸς περιείληφεν ἀρξάμενος ἀπὸ τῶν βορείων ἄκρων τῆς Πυρήνης μέχρι τῶν ἐκβολῶν τοῦ Ῥήνου, τὰ δʼ ἐξ ἐναντίας ἡ κατὰ Μασσαλίαν καὶ Νάρβωνα θάλαττα καὶ αἱ Ἄλπεις ἀπὸ τῆς Λιγυστικῆς ἀρξάμεναι μέχρι τῶν πηγῶν τοῦ Ῥήνου.
For it has been said that this Celtica is bounded on the west by the Pyrenees mountains, which touch both seas, both the inner and the outer; and on the east by the Rhine, which is parallel to the Pyrenees; while as for the northern and southern boundaries, the ocean has enclosed the northern parts, starting from the northern peaks of the Pyrenees to the mouths of the Rhine, and on the opposite side, the sea around Massalia and Narbo and the Alps, starting from Liguria to the sources of the Rhine, enclose the southern parts.
τῇ δὲ Πυρήνῃ πρὸς ὀρθὰς ἦκται Κέμμενον ὄρος διὰ μέσων τῶν πεδίων, καὶ παύεται κατὰ μέσα πλησίον Λουγδούνου, περὶ δισχιλίους ἐκταθὲν σταδίους.
The Cevennes mountain is drawn at right angles to the Pyrenees through the middle of the plains, and ends in the middle near Lugdunum, extending about two thousand stadia.
Ἀκυιτανοὺς μὲν τοίνυν ἔλεγον τοὺς τὰ βόρεια τῆς Πυρήνης μέρη κατέχοντας καὶ τῆς Κεμμένης μέχρι πρὸς τὸν ὠκεανὸν τὰ ἐντὸς Γαρούνα ποταμοῦ, Κέλτας δὲ τοὺς ἐπὶ θάτερα μέρη καθήκοντας καὶ τὴν κατὰ Μασσαλίαν καὶ Νάρβωνα θάλατταν, ἁπτομένους δὲ καὶ τῶν Ἀλπεινῶν ὀρῶν ἐνίων, Βέλγας δʼ ἔλεγον τοὺς λοιπούς τε τῶν παρωκεανιτῶν μέχρι τῶν ἐκβολῶν τοῦ Ῥήνου καί τινας τῶν παροικούντων τὸν Ῥῆνον καὶ τὰς Ἄλπεις.
Accordingly, they used to call those who occupied the northern parts of the Pyrenees and of the Cevennes up to the ocean, within the river Garumna, Aquitanians; and those who extended to the other parts and to the sea around Massalia and Narbo, and also touched some of the Alpine mountains, Celts; and they called Belgians the rest of the ocean-dwellers up to the mouths of the Rhine, and some of those who dwell near the Rhine and the Alps.
οὕτω δὲ καὶ ὁ θεὸς Καῖσαρ ἐν τοῖς ὑπομνήμασιν εἴρηκεν.
In this way also the deified Caesar has spoken in his Memoirs.
ὁ δὲ Σεβαστὸς Καῖσαρ τετραχῆ διελὼν τοὺς μὲν Κέλτας τῆς Ναρβωνίτιδος ἐπαρχίας ἀπέφηνεν, Ἀκυιτανοὺς δʼ οὕσπερ κἀκεῖνος, προσέθηκε δὲ τετταρεσκαίδεκα ἔθνη τῶν μεταξὺ τοῦ Γαρούνα καὶ τοῦ Λίγηρος ποταμοῦ νεμομένων· τὴν δὲ λοιπὴν διελὼν δίχα τὴν μὲν Λουγδούνῳ προσώρισε μέχρι τῶν ἄνω μερῶν τοῦ Ῥήνου, τὴν δὲ τοῖς Βέλγαις.
But Augustus Caesar, dividing them into four parts, declared the Celts to belong to the province of Narbonitis, the Aquitanians to be just as the former had defined them, but added fourteen nations of those who dwell between the river Garumna and the Liger; and dividing the rest into two, he assigned one to Lugdunum as far as the upper parts of the Rhine, and the other to the Belgians.
ὅσα μὲν οὖν φυσικῶς διώρισται δεῖ λέγειν τὸν γεωγράφον καὶ ὅσα ἐθνικῶς, ὅταν ᾖ καὶ μνήμης ἄξια, ὅσα δʼ οἱ ἡγεμόνες πρὸς τοὺς καιροὺς πολιτευόμενοι διατάττουσι ποικίλως, ἀρκεῖ κἂν ἐν κεφαλαίῳ τις εἴπῃ, τοῦ δʼ ἀκριβοῦς ἄλλοις παραχωρητέον.
Now, whatever is defined by nature and by race, when it is worthy of memory, the geographer must state; but as for what the rulers arrange in various ways to suit the times, it is sufficient if one speaks of it in summary, and the detailed accuracy must be left to others.
§4.1.2̔́απασα μὲν οὖν ἐστιν αὕτη ποταμοῖς κατάρρυτος ἡ χώρα, τοῖς μὲν ἐκ τῶν Ἄλπεων καταφερομένοις τοῖς δʼ ἐκ τοῦ Κεμμένου καὶ τῆς Πυρήνης, καὶ τοῖς μὲν εἰς τὸν ὠκεανὸν ἐκβάλλουσι τοῖς δὲ εἰς τὴν ἡμετέραν θάλατταν.
Now this entire country is well-watered by rivers, some flowing down from the Alps, others from the Cevennes and the Pyrenees, some emptying into the ocean and others into our sea.
διʼ ὧν δὲ φέρονται χωρίων, πεδία ἐστὶ τὰ πλεῖστα καὶ γεωλοφίαι διάρρους ἔχουσαι πλωτούς.
The territories through which they flow are mostly plains and hilly regions with navigable passages.
οὕτως δʼ εὐφυῶς ἴσχει τὰ ῥεῖθρα πρὸς ἄλληλα ὥστʼ ἐξ ἑκατέρας τῆς θαλάττης εἰς ἑκατέραν κατακομίζεσθαι, πορευομένων τῶν φορτίων ἐπʼ ὀλίγον καὶ διὰ πεδίων εὐμαρῶς, τὸ δὲ πλέον τοῖς ποταμοῖς, τοῖς μὲν ἀναγομένων τοῖς δὲ καταγομένων.
The riverbeds are so naturally situated with respect to one another that goods can be transported from either sea to the other, the cargoes being carried on land for only a short distance and easily through plains, but for the most part by the rivers, being carried up some and down others.
ἔχει δέ τι πλεονέκτημα πρὸς τοῦτο ὁ Ῥοδανός· καὶ γὰρ πολλαχόθεν ἐστὶ σύρρους, καὶ συνάπτει πρὸς τὴν ἡμετέραν θάλατταν κρείττω τῆς ἐκτὸς οὖσαν, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, καὶ διὰ χώρας διέξεισι τῆς εὐδαιμονεστάτης τῶν ταύτῃ.
The Rhodanus has a certain advantage in this respect; for it is fed by many streams from various quarters, and connects with our sea, which is better than the outer sea, as has been said, and runs through the most fertile country of those in these parts.
τοὺς γὰρ αὐτοὺς ἐκφέρει καρποὺς ἡ Ναρβωνῖτις ἅπασα ὥσπερ ἡ Ἰταλία.
For the whole of Narbonitis produces the same fruits as Italy.
προϊόντι δʼ ἐπὶ τὰς ἄρκτους καὶ τὸ Κέμμενον ὄρος ἡ μὲν ἐλαιόφυτος καὶ συκοφόρος ἐκλείπει, τἆλλα δὲ φύεται.
But as one proceeds toward the north and the Cevennes mountain, the olive-bearing and fig-bearing country ceases, though other things grow.
καὶ ἡ ἄμπελος δὲ προϊοῦσιν οὐ ῥᾳδίως τελεσφορεῖ· ἡ δʼ ἄλλη πᾶσα σῖτον φέρει πολὺν καὶ κέγχρον καὶ βάλανον καὶ βοσκήματα παντοῖα, ἀργὸν δʼ αὐτῆς οὐδὲν πλὴν εἴ τι ἕλεσι κεκώλυται καὶ δρυμοῖς· καίτοι καὶ τοῦτο συνοικεῖται πολυανθρωπίᾳ μᾶλλον ἢ ἐπιμελείᾳ.
And the vine, as one proceeds, does not easily bring its fruit to maturity; but all the rest of the land produces abundant corn, millet, acorns, and livestock of all kinds, and none of it is untilled except where prevented by marshes and forests; and yet even this is inhabited rather because of the dense population than because of industry.
καὶ γὰρ τοκάδες αἱ γυναῖκες καὶ τρέφειν ἀγαθαί, οἱ δʼ ἄνδρες μαχηταὶ μᾶλλον ἢ γεωργοί· νῦν δʼ ἀναγκάζονται γεωργεῖν καταθέμενοι τὰ ὅπλα.
For the women are prolific and good at rearing children, while the men are warriors rather than farmers; but now they are compelled to farm, having laid down their arms.
κοινῇ μὲν οὖν ταῦτα λέγομεν περὶ πάσης τῆς ἐκτὸς Κελτικῆς, περὶ δὲ τῶν τεταρτημορίων ἑκάστου διαλαβόντες λέγωμεν νυνὶ μεμνημένοι τυπωδῶς, καὶ πρῶτον περὶ τῆς Ναρβωνίτιδος.
We speak of these things in common concerning the whole of outer Celtica, but now let us speak of each of the four divisions, keeping the general outline in mind, and first concerning Narbonitis.