§3.4.13αὐτῶν τε τῶν Κελτιβήρων εἰς τέτταρα μέρη διῃρημένων οἱ κράτιστοι μάλιστα πρὸς ἕω εἰσὶ καὶ πρὸς νότον οἱ Ἀρουάκοι, συνάπτοντες Καρπητανοῖς καὶ ταῖς τοῦ Τάγου πηγαῖς· πόλις δʼ αὐτῶν ὀνομαστοτάτη Νομαντία.
Although the Celtiberians themselves are divided into four parts, the strongest are the Arvaci, who live mostly toward the east and south, bordering on the Carpetani and the sources of the Tagus; their most famous city is Numantia.
ἔδειξαν δὲ τὴν ἀρετὴν τῷ Κελτιβηρικῷ πολέμῳ τῷ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους εἰκοσαετεῖ γενομένῳ· πολλὰ γὰρ στρατεύματα σὺν ἡγεμόσιν ἐφθάρη, τὸ δὲ τελευταῖον οἱ Νομαντῖνοι πολιορκούμενοι ἀπεκαρτέρησαν πλὴν ὀλίγων τῶν ἐνδόντων τὸ τεῖχος.
They proved their valor in the Celtiberian War against the Romans, which lasted for twenty years; for many armies with their generals were destroyed, and at last the Numantines, when besieged, endured even to starvation, except for a few who surrendered the wall.
καὶ οἱ Λούσωνες δὲ ἑῷοί εἰσι, συνάπτοντες καὶ αὐτοὶ ταῖς τοῦ Τάγου πηγαῖς.
The Lusones also are toward the east, and they too border on the sources of the Tagus.
τῶν δʼ Ἀρουάκων ἐστὶ καὶ Σεγήδα πόλις καὶ Παλλαντία.
Among the cities of the Arvaci are also Segeda and Pallantia.
διέχει δὲ Νομαντία τῆς Καισαραυγούστας, ἣν ἔφαμεν ἐπὶ τῷ Ἴβηρι ἱδρῦσθαι, σταδίους ἐπὶ ὀκτακοσίους.
Numantia is distant from Caesaraugusta, which we said was situated on the Hebrus, about eight hundred stadia.
καὶ Σεγοβρίγα δʼ ἐστὶ τῶν Κελτιβήρων πόλις καὶ Βίλβιλις, περὶ ἃς Μέτελλος καὶ Σερτώριος ἐπολέμησαν.
Segobriga also is a city of the Celtiberians, as is Bilbilis, about which Metellus and Sertorius fought.
Πολύβιος δὲ τὰ τῶν Ὀυακκαίων καὶ τῶν Κελτιβήρων ἔθνη καὶ χωρία διεξιὼν συλλέγει ταῖς ἄλλαις πόλεσι καὶ Σεγεσάμαν καὶ Ἰντερκατίαν.
Polybius, in detailing the tribes and territories of the Vaccaei and Celtiberians, lists Segesama and Intercatia in addition to the other cities.
φησὶ δὲ Ποσειδώνιος Μάρκον Μάρκελλον πράξασθαι φόρον ἐκ τῆς Κελτιβηρίας τάλαντα ἑξακόσια, ἐξ οὗ τεκμαίρεσθαι πάρεστιν ὅτι καὶ πολλοὶ ἦσαν οἱ Κελτίβηρες καὶ χρημάτων εὐποροῦντες, καίπερ οἰκοῦντες χώραν παράλυπρον.
Posidonius says that Marcus Marcellus exacted a tribute of six hundred talents from Celtiberia, from which it can be inferred that the Celtiberians were both numerous and wealthy in resources, although they inhabited a very poor country.
Πολυβίου δʼ εἰπόντος τριακοσίας αὐτῶν καταλῦσαι πόλεις Τιβέριον Γράκχον, κωμῳδῶν φησι τοῦτο τῷ Γράκχῳ χαρίσασθαι τὸν ἄνδρα, τοὺς πύργους καλοῦντα πόλεις, ὥσπερ ἐν ταῖς θριαμβικαῖς πομπαῖς.
And when Polybius says that Tiberius Gracchus destroyed three hundred of their cities, he (Posidonius) says in mockery that the man did this to flatter Gracchus, calling towers cities, just as in triumphal processions.
καὶ ἴσως οὐκ ἄπιστον τοῦτο λέγει· καὶ γὰρ οἱ στρατηγοὶ καὶ οἱ συγγραφεῖς ῥᾳδίως ἐπὶ τοῦτο φέρονται τὸ ψεῦσμα καλλωπίζοντες τὰς πράξεις, ἐπεὶ καὶ οἱ φάσκοντες πλείους ἢ χιλίας τὰς τῶν Ἰβήρων ὑπάρξαι πόλεις ἐπὶ τοῦτο φέρεσθαί μοι δοκοῦσι, τὰς μεγάλας κώμας πόλεις ὀνομάζοντες.
And perhaps he does not speak what is incredible; for both generals and historians are easily led to this falsehood to embellish their deeds, since those who claim that there were more than a thousand cities of the Iberians seem to me to be led to this, calling large villages cities.
οὔτε γὰρ ἡ τῆς χώρας φύσις πόλεων ἐπιδεκτικὴ πολλῶν ἐστι διὰ τὴν λυπρότητα ἢ διὰ τὸν ἐκτοπισμὸν καὶ τὸ ἀνήμερον, οὔθʼ οἱ βίοι καὶ πράξεις αὐτῶν (ἔξω τῶν κατὰ τὴν παραλίαν τὴν καθʼ ἡμᾶς) ὑπαγορεύουσι τοιοῦτον οὐδέν· ἄγριοι γὰρ οἱ κατὰ κώμας οἰκοῦντες· τοιοῦτοι δʼ οἱ πολλοὶ τῶν Ἰβήρων· αἱ δὲ πόλεις ἡμεροῦσιν οὐδʼ αὗται ῥᾳδίως, ὅταν πλεονάζῃ τὸ τὰς ὕλας ἐπὶ κακῷ τῶν πλησίον οἰκοῦν.
For neither is the nature of the country capable of receiving many cities because of its poverty, or because of its remoteness and wildness, nor do their lives and deeds (except for those along our coast) suggest any such thing; for those who live in villages are wild, and such are the majority of the Iberians; and even the cities themselves do not easily civilize when there is a predominance of those who inhabit the forests to the detriment of their neighbors.
§3.4.14μετὰ δὲ τοὺς Κελτίβηρας πρὸς νότον εἰσὶν οἱ τὸ ὄρος οἰκοῦντες τὴν Ὀροσπέδαν καὶ τὴν περὶ τὸν Σούκρωνα χώραν Ἐδητανοί, μέχρι Καρχηδόνος, καὶ Βαστητανοὶ καὶ Ὠρητανοί, σχεδὸν δέ τι καὶ μέχρι Μαλάκας.
After the Celtiberians to the south are the Edetani, who inhabit the mountain Orospeda and the country about the Sucro, as far as Carthage, and the Bastetani and Oretani, almost as far as Malaca.
§3.4.15πελτασταὶ δʼ ἅπαντες, ὡς εἰπεῖν, ὑπῆρξαν οἱ Ἴβηρες καὶ κοῦφοι κατὰ τὸν ὁπλισμὸν διὰ τὰς λῃστείας, οἵους ἔφαμεν τοὺς Λυσιτανούς, ἀκοντίῳ καὶ σφενδόνῃ καὶ μαχαίρα χρώμενοι·
The Iberians were all, so to speak, targeteers (peltasts) and light in their armor on account of their robber life, of the kind we said the Lusitanians were, using a javelin, a sling, and a dagger.
ταῖς δὲ πεζαῖς δυνάμεσι παρεμέμικτο καὶ ἱππεία, δεδιδαγμένων ἵππων ὀρειβατεῖν καὶ κατοκλάζεσθαι ῥᾳδίως ἀπὸ προστάγματος, ὅτε τούτου δέοι.
And with the infantry forces there was also mixed cavalry, the horses being trained to climb mountains and to kneel down easily at a command whenever there was need of this.
φέρει δʼ ἡ Ἰβηρία δορκάδας πολλὰς καὶ ἵππους ἀγρίους.
Iberia produces many gazelles and wild horses.
ἔστι δʼ ὅπου καὶ αἱ λίμναι πληθύουσιν ὀρνέοις.
In some places also the lakes abound in birds.
εἰσὶ δὲ κύκνοι καὶ τὰ παραπλήσια, πολλαὶ δὲ καὶ ὠτίδες·
There are swans and similar birds, and also many bustards.
κάστορας φέρουσι μὲν οἱ ποταμοί, τὸ δὲ καστόριον οὐκ ἔχει τὴν αὐτὴν δύναμιν τῷ Ποντικῷ· ἴδιον γὰρ τῷ Ποντικῷ πάρεστι τὸ φαρμακῶδες, καθάπερ ἄλλοις πολλοῖς.
The rivers produce beavers, but the castor (castoreum) does not have the same efficacy as the Pontic; for the Pontic has a unique medicinal quality, just as many other things have.
ἐπεί, φησὶν ὁ Ποσειδώνιος, καὶ ὁ Κύπριος χαλκὸς μόνος φέρει τὴν καδμείαν λίθον καὶ τὸ χαλκανθὲς καὶ τὸ σπόδιον.
Since, as Posidonius says, only Cyprian copper produces the cadmean stone, chalcanthum, and spodium.
ἴδιον δʼ εἴρηκεν Ἰβηρίᾳ ὁ Ποσειδώνιος καὶ τὸ τὰς κορώνας μελαίνας εἶναι καὶ τὸ τοὺς ἵππους τῶν Κελτιβήρων ὑποψάρους ὄντας, ἐπειδὰν εἰς τὴν ἔξω μεταχθῶσιν Ἰβηρίαν, μεταβάλλειν τὴν χρόαν.
Posidonius also mentions as peculiar to Iberia that the crows are black, and that the horses of the Celtiberians, which are grayish, change their color when they are transferred to outer Iberia.
ἐοικέναι δὲ τοῖς Παρθικοῖς· καὶ γὰρ ταχεῖς εἶναι καὶ εὐδρόμους μᾶλλον τῶν ἄλλων.
He says they resemble the Parthian horses; for they are swift and run better than the others.