§2.5.25συλλήβδην δʼ εἰπεῖν, τῆς καθʼ ἡμᾶς θαλάττης νοτιώτατον μέν ἐστι σημεῖον ὁ τῆς μεγάλης Σύρτεως μυχός, καὶ μετὰ τοῦτον ἡ κατʼ Αἴγυπτον Ἀλεξάνδρεια καὶ τοῦ Νείλου προχοαί, βορειότατον δὲ τὸ τοῦ Βορυσθένους· εἰ δὲ καὶ τὴν Μαιῶτιν προστιθείη τῷ πελάγει τις (καὶ γάρ ἐστιν ὡς ἂν μέρος), τὸ τοῦ Τανάιδος· δυσμικώτατον δὲ ὁ κατὰ τὰς στήλας πορθμός, ἑωθινώτατον δʼ ὁ λεχθεὶς μυχὸς κατὰ Διοσκουριάδα· Ἐρατοσθένης δʼ οὐκ εὖ τὸν Ἰσσικὸν κόλπον φησίν.
To speak briefly, the southernmost point of our sea is the innermost part of the Great Syrtis, and next to this, Alexandria in Egypt and the mouths of the Nile, while the northernmost is that of the Borysthenes; and if one were to add Lake Maeotis to the sea (for it is, as it were, a part of it), that of the Tanais; the westernmost is the strait near the Pillars, and the easternmost is the said innermost part near Dioscurias; but Eratosthenes incorrectly says it is the Issic Gulf.
ὁ μὲν γὰρ ἐπὶ τοῦ αὐτοῦ μεσημβρινοῦ ἵδρυται ἐφʼ οὗπερ ἥ τε Ἀμισὸς καὶ Θεμίσκυρα· εἰ δὲ βούλει, πρόσλαβε καὶ τὴν Σιδήνην μέχρι Φαρνακείας.
For it is situated on the same meridian as Amisus and Themiscyra; and if you wish, include also Sidene as far as Pharnacia.
ἀπὸ δὲ τούτων τῶν μερῶν πρὸς ἕω πλοῦς ἐστι πλειόνων ἢ τρισχιλίων σταδίων εἰς Διοσκουριάδα, ὡς ἔσται μᾶλλον ἐκ τῆς ἐν μέρει περιοδείας φανερόν.
From these parts toward the east, the voyage to Dioscurias is more than three thousand stadia, as will become more evident from the detailed circumnavigation.
ἡ μὲν δὴ καθʼ ἡμᾶς θάλαττα τοιαύτη τις.
Such, then, is our sea.
§2.5.26̔υπογραπτέον δὲ καὶ τὰς περιεχούσας αὐτὴν γᾶς, ἀρχὴν λαβοῦσιν ἀπὸ τῶν αὐτῶν μερῶν ἀφʼ ὧνπερ καὶ τὴν θάλατταν ὑπεγράψαμεν.
We must also outline the lands encompassing it, starting from the same parts from which we also outlined the sea.
εἰσπλέουσι τοίνυν τὸν κατὰ στήλας πορθμὸν ἐν δεξιᾷ μέν ἐστιν ἡ Λιβύη μέχρι τῆς τοῦ Νείλου ῥύσεως, ἐν ἀριστερᾷ δὲ ἀντίπορθμος ἡ Εὐρώπη μέχρι τοῦ Τανάιδος· τελευτῶσι δʼ ἀμφότεραι περὶ τὴν Ἀσίαν.
Now, as one sails into the strait near the Pillars, on the right is Libya as far as the stream of the Nile, and on the left, opposite to it, is Europe as far as the Tanais; and both terminate at Asia.
ἀρκτέον δʼ ἀπὸ τῆς Εὐρώπης, ὅτι πολυσχήμων τε καὶ πρὸς ἀρετὴν ἀνδρῶν εὐφυεστάτη καὶ πολιτειῶν καὶ ταῖς ἄλλαις πλεῖστον μεταδεδωκυῖα τῶν οἰκείων ἀγαθῶν, ἐπειδὴ σύμπασα οἰκήσιμός ἐστι πλὴν ὀλίγης τῆς διὰ ψῦχος ἀοικήτου.
We must begin with Europe, because it is both multi-formed and by nature most suited for the virtue of men and for constitutions, and has shared most of its own goods with others, since the whole of it is habitable, except for a small part uninhabitable on account of cold.
αὕτη δʼ ὁμορεῖ τοῖς Ἁμαξοίκοις τοῖς περὶ τὸν Τάναϊν καὶ τὴν Μαιῶτιν καὶ τὸν Βορυσθένη.
This latter borders on the Hamaxoeci around the Tanais, Lake Maeotis, and the Borysthenes.
τῆς δʼ οἰκησίμου τὸ μὲν δυσχείμερον καὶ τὸ ὀρεινὸν μοχθηρῶς οἰκεῖται τῇ φύσει, ἐπιμελητὰς δὲ λαβόντα ἀγαθοὺς καὶ τὰ φαύλως οἰκούμενα καὶ λῃστρικῶς ἡμεροῦται, καθάπερ οἱ Ἕλληνες ὄρη καὶ πέτρας κατέχοντες ᾤκουν καλῶς διὰ πρόνοιαν τὴν περὶ τὰ πολιτικὰ καὶ τὰς τέχνας καὶ τὴν ἄλλην σύνεσιν τὴν περὶ βίον, Ῥωμαῖοί τε πολλὰ ἔθνη παραλαβόντες καὶ τὴν φύσιν ἀνήμερα διὰ τοὺς τόπους ἢ τραχεῖς ὄντας ἢ ἀλιμένους ἢ ψυχροὺς ἢ ἀπʼ ἄλλης αἰτίας δυσοικήτους πολλοῖς τούς τε ἀνεπιπλέκτους ἀλλήλοις ἐπέπλεξαν καὶ τοὺς ἀγριωτέρους πολιτικῶς ζῆν ἐδίδαξαν.
Of the habitable part, that which is very wintry and mountainous is by nature poorly inhabited; but when it receives good administrators, even the parts poorly and robber-like inhabited are civilized, just as the Greeks, possessing mountains and rocks, lived beautifully because of their foresight regarding political matters, arts, and other understanding concerning life; and the Romans, having taken over many nations that were savage by nature because of their territories being either rugged, harbourless, cold, or for some other reason difficult to inhabit, connected those who had no intercourse with one another and taught the wilder ones to live politically.
ὅσον δʼ ἐστὶν αὐτῆς ἐν ὁμαλῷ καὶ εὐκράτῳ τὴν φύσιν ἔχει συνεργὸν πρὸς ταῦτα, ἐπειδὴ τὸ μὲν ἐν τῇ εὐδαίμονι χώρᾳ πᾶν ἐστιν εἰρηνικόν, τὸ δʼ ἐν τῇ λυπρᾷ μάχιμον καὶ ἀνδρικόν, καὶ δέχεταί τινας παρʼ ἀλλήλων εὐεργεσίας τὰ γένη ταῦτα· τὰ μὲν γὰρ ἐπικουρεῖ τοῖς ὅπλοις, τὰ δὲ καρποῖς καὶ τέχναις καὶ ἠθοποιίαις.
And as much of it as is in a level and temperate climate has nature as an ally towards these things; since that which is in a fertile country is entirely peaceful, while that which is in a barren country is warlike and manly, and these races receive certain benefits from one another; for the one helps with arms, and the other with crops, arts, and moral training.
φανεραὶ δὲ καὶ αἱ ἐξ ἀλλήλων βλάβαι μὴ ἐπικουρούντων· ἔχει δέ τι πλεονέκτημα ἡ βία τῶν τὰ ὅπλα ἐχόντων, πλὴν εἰ τῷ πλήθει κρατοῖτο.
The damages to one another are also clear if they do not help; and the violence of those who have arms has a certain advantage, unless it is mastered by multitude.
ὑπάρχει δή τι καὶ πρὸς τοῦτο εὐφυὲς τῇ ἠπείρῳ ταύτῃ· ὅλη γὰρ διαπεποίκιλται πεδίοις τε καὶ ὄρεσιν, ὥστε πανταχοῦ καὶ τὸ γεωργικὸν καὶ τὸ πολιτικὸν καὶ τὸ μάχιμον παρακεῖσθαι· πλέον δʼ εἶναι θάτερον, τὸ τῆς εἰρήνης οἰκεῖον, ὥσθʼ ὅλων ἐπικρατεῖ τοῦτο, προσλαμβανόντων καὶ τῶν ἡγεμόνων Ἑλλήνων μὲν πρότερον Μακεδόνων δὲ καὶ Ῥωμαίων ὕστερον.
Indeed, there is also something naturally suited to this in this continent; for the whole is variegated with plains and mountains, so that everywhere both the agricultural, the political, and the warlike lie adjacent; and the other, that which is proper to peace, is greater, so that this rules over the whole, with the leaders also contributing, the Greeks formerly, and the Macedonians and Romans later.
διὰ τοῦτο δὲ καὶ πρὸς πόλεμον αὐταρκεστάτη ἐστί· καὶ γὰρ τὸ μάχιμον πλῆθος ἄφθονον ἔχει καὶ τὸ ἐργαζόμενον τὴν γῆν καὶ τὸ τὰς πόλεις συνέχον.
On this account, it is also most self-sufficient for war; for it has an abundant warlike multitude, and those who work the land, and those who keep the cities together.
διαφέρει δὲ καὶ ταύτῃ, διότι τοὺς καρποὺς ἐκφέρει τοὺς ἀρίστους καὶ τοὺς ἀναγκαίους τῷ βίῳ καὶ μέταλλα ὅσα χρήσιμα· θυώματα δὲ καὶ λίθους πολυτελεῖς ἔξωθεν μέτεισιν, ὧν τοῖς σπανιζομένοις οὐδὲν χείρων ὁ βίος ἐστὶν ἢ τοῖς εὐπορουμένοις.
It also excels in this, because it yields the best crops and those necessary for life, and all useful metals; but frankincense and precious stones it imports from without, of which the life of those who are in want is no worse than that of those who have them in abundance.
ὡς δʼ αὕτως βοσκημάτων μὲν πολλῶν ἀφθονίαν παρέχει, θηρίων δὲ σπάνιν.
In the same way, it provides an abundance of many cattle, but a scarcity of wild beasts.
τοιαύτη μὲν ἡ ἤπειρος αὕτη καθόλου τὴν φύσιν ἐστί.
Such in general is this continent in its nature.