§2.5.1Ἐπεὶ δὲ τοῖς πρὸς ἐκείνους λόγοις συνεχής ἐστιν ἡ ἐγχείρησις τῆς ἡμετέρας ὑποσχέσεως, λαβόντες ἀρχὴν ἑτέραν λέγωμεν, ὅτι δεῖ τὸν χωρογραφεῖν ἐπιχειροῦντα πολλὰ τῶν φυσικῶς τε καὶ μαθηματικῶς λεγομένων ὑποθέσθαι, καὶ πρὸς τὴν ἐκείνων ὑπόνοιάν τε καὶ πίστιν τὰ ἑξῆς πραγματεύεσθαι.
Since the execution of our promise is continuous with the discussions against those writers, let us make a different beginning and say that the one who undertakes to write geography must assume many of the things said in physics and mathematics, and conduct the subsequent inquiry in relation to the understanding and belief in those things.
εἴρηται γάρ, ὅτι οὐδʼ οἰκοδόμος, οὐδʼ ἀρχιτέκτων οἰκίαν ἢ πόλιν ἱδρῦσαι καλῶς οἷός τε γένοιτʼ ἂν ἀπρονοήτως ἔχων κλιμάτων τε τῶν κατὰ τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ σχημάτων τε καὶ μεγεθῶν καὶ θάλπους καὶ ψύχους καὶ ἄλλων τοιούτων, μή τί γε τὴν ὅλην οἰκουμένην τοποθετῶν.
For it has been said that neither a builder nor an architect would be able to build a house or a city well if he were unconcerned with the climates in the sky, and the shapes, sizes, heat, cold, and other such things, much less one who is positioning the whole inhabited world.
αὐτὸ γὰρ τὸ εἰς ἐπίπεδον γράφειν ἐπιφάνειαν μίαν καὶ τὴν αὐτὴν τά τε Ἰβηρικὰ καὶ τὰ Ἰνδικὰ καὶ τὰ μέσα τούτων, καὶ μηδὲν ἧττον δύσεις καὶ ἀνατολὰς ἀφορίζειν καὶ μεσουρανήσεις ὡς ἂν κοινὰς πᾶσι, τῷ μὲν προεπινοήσαντι τὴν τοῦ οὐρανοῦ διάθεσίν τε καὶ κίνησιν καὶ λαβόντι, ὅτι σφαιρικὴ μέν ἐστιν ἡ κατʼ ἀλήθειαν τῆς γῆς ἐπιφάνεια, πλάττεται δὲ νῦν ἐπίπεδος πρὸς τὴν ὄψιν, γεωγραφικὴν ἔχει τὴν παράδοσιν, τῷ δʼ ἄλλως, οὐ γεωγραφικήν.
For the very act of drawing on a single, identical flat surface both the Iberian and the Indian regions and those in between, and nonetheless defining settings and risings and culminations as if they were common to all, is a geographical tradition for the one who has previously comprehended the arrangement and motion of the heavens and has grasped that the surface of the earth is in truth spherical, though it is now fashioned as flat to the sight; but for one who does otherwise, it is not geographical.
οὐ γὰρ ὥσπερ διὰ πεδίων ἰοῦσι μεγάλων, οἷον τῶν Βαβυλωνίων, ἢ διὰ πελάγους παρίσταται τὰ πρόσω πάντα καὶ τὰ κατόπιν καὶ ἐκ πλαγίων ἐπίπεδα, καὶ οὐδεμίαν ἀντέμφασιν παρέχει πρὸς τὰ οὐράνια καὶ τὰς τοῦ ἡλίου κινήσεις καὶ σχέσεις πρὸς ἡμᾶς καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἄστρων, οὕτω καὶ γεωγραφοῦσιν παρίστασθαι ἀεὶ δεῖ τὰ ὅμοια.
For it is not as with those who travel through great plains, such as those of the Babylonians, or through the sea, to whom all things in front, behind, and to the sides appear flat, and present no inconsistency with the heavenly bodies and the motions of the sun and its relations to us and those of the other stars, that those who write geography must always have similar things appear.
ὁ μὲν γὰρ πελαγίζων ἢ ὁδεύων διὰ χώρας πεδιάδος κοιναῖς τισι φαντασίαις ἄγεται, καθʼ ἃς καὶ ὁ ἀπαίδευτος καὶ ὁ πολιτικὸς ἐνεργεῖ ταὐτά, ἄπειρος ὢν τῶν οὐρανίων καὶ τὰς πρὸς ταῦτα ἀντεμφάσεις ἀγνοῶν.
For the one who sails the open sea or travels through a flat country is guided by certain common impressions, in accordance with which both the uneducated and the practical man perform the same actions, being inexperienced in heavenly matters and ignorant of the inconsistencies with them.
ἀνατέλλοντα μὲν γὰρ ὁρᾷ ἥλιον καὶ δύνοντα καὶ μεσουρανοῦντα, τίνα δὲ τρόπον, οὐκ ἐπισκοπεῖ· οὐδὲ γὰρ χρήσιμον αὐτῷ πρὸς τὸ προκείμενον, ὥσπερ οὐδὲ τὸ παράλληλον ἑστάναι τῷ παρεστῶτι ἢ μή· τάχα δʼ ἐπισκοποῖ μὲν ἄν τι, δόξει δʼ ἐν τοῖς μαθηματικῶς λεγομένοις, καθάπερ οἱ ἐπιχώριοι· ἔχει γὰρ ὁ τόπος τοιαῦτα διαπτώματα.
For he sees the sun rising, setting, and culminating, but how this happens, he does not examine; for indeed it is not useful to him for his present purpose, just as it is not useful whether he stands parallel to the person standing next to him or not; or perhaps he might examine something, but he will form erroneous opinions on what is mathematically stated, just as the local inhabitants do; for each place has such errors.
ὁ δὲ γεωγραφικὸς οὐκ ἐπιχωρίῳ γεωγραφεῖ, οὐδὲ πολιτικῷ τοιούτῳ, ὅστις μηδὲν ἐφρόντισε τῶν λεγομένων ἰδίως μαθημάτων· οὐδὲ γὰρ θεριστῇ καὶ σκαπανεῖ, ἀλλὰ τῷ πεισθῆναι δυναμένῳ τὴν γῆν ἔχειν οὕτω τὴν ὅλην, ὡς οἱ μαθηματικοί φασι, καὶ τὰ ἄλλα τὰ πρὸς τὴν ὑπόθεσιν τὴν τοιαύτην.
But the geographer does not write geography for a local inhabitant, nor for such a practical man who has cared nothing for what are specifically called the mathematical branches of learning; nor indeed for a reaper and a digger, but for the one who can be convinced that the earth as a whole is as the mathematicians say, and other things in relation to such an assumption.
κελεύει τε τοῖς προσιοῦσιν ἐκεῖνα προενθυμηθεῖσι τὰ ἑξῆς ἐφορᾶν· ἐκείνοις γὰρ τὰ ἀκόλουθα ἐρεῖν, ὥστε μᾶλλον ποιήσασθαι τῶν παραδιδομένων ἀσφαλῆ τὴν χρῆσιν τοὺς ἐντυγχάνοντας, ἂν ἀκούωσι μαθηματικῶς, τοῖς δʼ ἄλλως ἔχουσιν οὔ φησι γεωγραφεῖν.
And he commands those who approach it to look at what follows after having first kept those things in mind; for he will state the subsequent things in accordance with them, so that the readers may make a more secure use of what is transmitted, if they listen mathematically, but for those who are otherwise disposed, he says he does not write geography.
§2.5.2τὸν μὲν δὴ γεωγραφοῦντα πιστεῦσαι δεῖ περὶ τῶν ἐχόντων αὐτῷ τάξιν ἀρχῆς τοῖς ἀναμετρήσασι τὴν ὅλην γῆν γεωμέτραις, τούτους δὲ τοῖς ἀστρονομικοῖς, ἐκείνους δὲ τοῖς φυσικοῖς.
Indeed, the one who writes geography must believe, concerning those things which hold for him the status of principles, the geometers who have measured the whole earth, and these must believe the astronomers, and those the physicists.
ἡ δὲ φυσικὴ ἀρετή τις· τὰς δʼ ἀρετὰς ἀνυποθέτους φασὶν ἐξ αὑτῶν ἠρτημένας, καὶ ἐν αὑταῖς ἐχούσας τάς τε ἀρχὰς καὶ τὰς περὶ τούτων πίστεις.
Now physics is a kind of excellence; and they say that excellences are unhypothetical, dependent on themselves, and containing within themselves both their principles and the beliefs concerning them.
τὰ μὲν οὖν παρὰ τῶν φυσικῶν δεικνύμενα τοιαῦτά ἐστι· σφαιροειδὴς μὲν ὁ κόσμος καὶ ὁ οὐρανός, ἡ ῥοπὴ δʼ ἐπὶ τὸ μέσον τῶν βαρέων· περὶ τοῦτό τε συνεστῶσα ἡ γῆ σφαιροειδῶς ὁμόκεντρος τῷ μὲν οὐρανῷ μένει καὶ αὐτὴ καὶ ὁ διʼ αὐτῆς ἄξων καὶ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ μέσου τεταμένος, ὁ δʼ οὐρανὸς περιφέρεται περί τε αὐτὴν καὶ περὶ τὸν ἄξονα ἀπʼ ἀνατολῆς ἐπὶ δύσιν, σὺν αὐτῷ δὲ οἱ ἀπλανεῖς ἀστέρες ὁμοταχεῖς τῷ πόλῳ.
Now the things demonstrated by the physicists are of this kind: the universe and the heaven are spherical, and the tendency of heavy bodies is toward the center; and the earth, compressed spherically around this center, remains concentric with the heaven, both itself and the axis drawn through it and through the center of the heaven; and the heaven revolves around both the earth and the axis from east to west, and with it the fixed stars move at the same speed as the pole.
οἱ μὲν οὖν ἀπλανεῖς ἀστέρες κατὰ παραλλήλων φέρονται κύκλων· παράλληλοι δʼ εἰσὶ γνωριμώτατοι ὅ τε ἰσημερινὸς καὶ οἱ τροπικοὶ δύο καὶ οἱ ἀρκτικοί· οἱ δὲ πλάνητες ἀστέρες καὶ ἥλιος καὶ σελήνη κατὰ λοξῶν τινων τῶν τεταγμένων ἐν τῷ ζωδιακῷ.
Now the fixed stars are carried along parallel circles; and the best-known parallels are the equator, the two tropics, and the arctic circles; but the planets and the sun and the moon are carried along certain oblique circles, namely those arranged in the zodiac.
τούτοις δὲ πιστεύσαντες ἢ πᾶσιν ἢ τισὶν οἱ ἀστρονομικοὶ τὰ ἑξῆς πραγματεύονται, κινήσεις καὶ περιόδους καὶ ἐκλείψεις καὶ μεγέθη καὶ ἀποστάσεις καὶ ἄλλα μυρία· ὡς δʼ αὕτως οἱ τὴν γῆν ὅλην ἀναμετροῦντες γεωμέτραι προστίθενται ταῖς τῶν φυσικῶν καὶ τῶν ἀστρονομικῶν δόξαις, ταῖς δὲ τῶν γεωμετρῶν πάλιν οἱ γεωγράφοι.
Believing these things, either all or some of them, the astronomers treat the subsequent matters: motions, periods, eclipses, sizes, distances, and countless other things; and in the same way, the geometers who measure the whole earth add their assumptions to the opinions of the physicists and astronomers, and the geographers in turn to those of the geometers.