§2.1.1Ἐν δὲ τῷ τρίτῳ τῶν γεωγραφικῶν καθιστάμενος τὸν τῆς οἰκουμένης πίνακα γραμμῇ τινι διαιρεῖ δίχα ἀπὸ δύσεως ἐπʼ ἀνατολὴν παραλλήλῳ τῇ ἰσημερινῇ γραμμῇ, πέρατα δʼ αὐτῆς τίθησι πρὸς δύσει μὲν τὰς Ἡρακλείους στήλας, ἐπʼ ἀνατολῇ δὲ τὰ ἄκρα καὶ ἔσχατα ὄρη τῶν ἀφοριζόντων ὀρῶν τὴν πρὸς ἄρκτον τῆς Ἰνδικῆς πλευράν.
Undertaking the third book of his Geography, Eratosthenes divides the map of the inhabited world into two parts by a certain line running from west to east, parallel to the equator; and he places its limits, on the west, at the Pillars of Hercules, and on the east, at the outermost and furthest mountains of those which define the northern side of India.
γράφει δὲ τὴν γραμμὴν ἀπὸ στηλῶν διά τε τοῦ Σικελικοῦ πορθμοῦ καὶ τῶν μεσημβρινῶν ἄκρων τῆς τε Πελοποννήσου καὶ τῆς Ἀττικῆς μέχρι τῆς Ῥοδίας καὶ τοῦ Ἰσσικοῦ κόλπου.
He draws this line from the Pillars through the Sicilian Strait and the southern promontories of both the Peloponnese and Attica, as far as Rhodes and the Gulf of Issus.
μέχρι μὲν δὴ δεῦρο διὰ τῆς θαλάττης φησὶν εἶναι τὴν λεχθεῖσαν γραμμὴν καὶ τῶν παρακειμένων ἠπείρων (καὶ γὰρ αὐτὴν ὅλην τὴν καθʼ ἡμᾶς θάλατταν οὕτως ἐπὶ μῆκος τετάσθαι μέχρι τῆς Κιλικίας), εἶτα ἐπʼ εὐθείας πως ἐκβάλλεσθαι παρʼ ὅλην τὴν ὀρεινὴν τοῦ Ταύρου μέχρι τῆς Ἰνδικῆς·
Up to this point, indeed, he says that the said line runs through the sea and the adjacent continents (for our whole sea itself is thus stretched out in length as far as Cilicia), and then it is produced in a straight line, as it were, along the entire mountain range of Taurus as far as India.
τὸν γὰρ Ταῦρον ἐπʼ εὐθείας τῇ ἀπὸ στηλῶν θαλάττῃ τεταμένον δίχα τὴν Ἀσίαν διαιρεῖν ὅλην ἐπὶ μῆκος, τὸ μὲν αὐτῆς μέρος βόρειον ποιοῦντα τὸ δὲ νότιον, ὥσθʼ ὁμοίως καὶ αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τοῦ διʼ Ἀθηνῶν ἱδρῦσθαι παραλλήλου καὶ τὴν ἀπὸ στηλῶν μέχρι δεῦρο θάλατταν.
For Taurus, stretching in a straight line with the sea that begins from the Pillars, divides the whole of Asia in two along its length, making one part of it northern and the other southern, so that it too is situated on the parallel through Athens in the same way as the sea from the Pillars to this point.
§2.1.2ταῦτα δʼ εἰπὼν οἴεται δεῖν διορθῶσαι τὸν ἀρχαῖον γεωγραφικὸν πίνακα· πολὺ γὰρ ἐπὶ τὰς ἄρκτους παραλλάττειν τὰ ἑωθινὰ μέρη τῶν ὀρῶν κατʼ αὐτόν, συνεπισπᾶσθαι δὲ καὶ τὴν Ἰνδικὴν ἀρκτικωτέραν ἢ δεῖ γινομένην.
Having said this, he thinks it necessary to correct the ancient geographical map; for according to him, the eastern parts of the mountains deviate greatly towards the north, and India is consequently dragged along, becoming more northerly than is proper.
πίστιν δὲ τούτου φέρει μίαν μὲν ταύτην, ὅτι τὰ τῆς Ἰνδικῆς ἄκρα τὰ μεσημβρινώτατα ὁμολογοῦσι πολλοὶ τοῖς κατὰ Μερόην ἀνταίρειν τόποις, ἀπό τε τῶν ἀέρων καὶ τῶν οὐρανίων τεκμαιρόμενοι, ἐντεῦθεν δʼ ἐπὶ τὰ βορειότατα τῆς Ἰνδικῆς τὰ πρὸς τοῖς Καυκασίοις ὄρεσι Πατροκλῆς, ὁ μάλιστα πιστεύεσθαι δίκαιος διά τε τὸ ἀξίωμα καὶ διὰ τὸ μὴ ἰδιώτης εἶναι τῶν γεωγραφικῶν, φησὶ σταδίους μυρίους καὶ πεντακισχιλίους·
And he adduces this one proof of this: that many agree that the southernmost extremities of India lie opposite the regions around Meroe, inferring this from the climates and celestial phenomena; and from there to the northernmost parts of India near the Caucasus mountains, Patrocles—who is most worthy of belief because of his high rank and because he is no layman in geographical matters—says it is fifteen thousand stadia.
ἀλλὰ μὴν καὶ τὸ ἀπὸ Μερόης ἐπὶ τὸν διʼ Ἀθηνῶν παράλληλον τοσοῦτόν πώς ἐστιν ὥστε τῆς Ἰνδικῆς τὰ προσάρκτια μέρη συνάπτοντα τοῖς Καυκασίοις ὄρεσιν εἰς τοῦτον τελευτᾶν τὸν κύκλον.
Furthermore, the distance from Meroe to the parallel through Athens is also about this much, so that the northern parts of India, bordering on the Caucasus mountains, end at this parallel.
§2.1.3ἄλλην δὲ πίστιν φέρει τοιαύτην, ὅτι τὸ ἀπὸ τοῦ Ἰσσικοῦ κόλπου διάστημα ἐπὶ τὴν θάλατταν τὴν Ποντικὴν τρισχιλίων πώς ἐστι σταδίων πρὸς ἄρκτον ἰόντι καὶ τοὺς περὶ Ἀμισὸν ἢ Σινώπην τόπους, ὅσον καὶ τὸ πλάτος τῶν ὀρῶν λέγεται· ἐκ δὲ Ἀμισοῦ πρὸς τὴν ἰσημερινὴν ἀνατολὴν φερομένῳ πρῶτον μὲν ἡ Κολχίς ἐστιν, ἔπειτα ἡ ἐπὶ τὴν Ὑρκανίαν θάλατταν ὑπέρθεσις καὶ ἡ ἐφεξῆς ἡ ἐπὶ Βάκτρα καὶ τοὺς ἐπέκεινα Σκύθας ὁδὸς δεξιὰ ἔχοντι τὰ ὄρη·
And he adduces another such proof: that the distance from the Gulf of Issus to the Pontic Sea, as one goes northwards to the regions around Amisus or Sinope, is about three thousand stadia, which is also said to be the width of the mountains; and to one traveling from Amisus towards the equinoctial east, there is first Colchis, then the pass over to the Hyrcanian Sea, and next the route to Bactra and the Scythians beyond, keeping the mountains on the right.
αὕτη δʼ ἡ γραμμὴ διὰ Ἀμισοῦ πρὸς δύσιν ἐκβαλλομένη διὰ τῆς Προποντίδος ἐστὶ καὶ τοῦ Ἑλλησπόντου.
And this line, produced westward through Amisus, passes through the Propontis and the Hellespont.
ἀπὸ δὲ Μερόης ἐπὶ τὸν Ἑλλήσποντον οὐ πλείους εἰσὶ τῶν μυρίων καὶ ὀκτακισχιλίων σταδίων, ὅσοι καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ μεσημβρινοῦ πλευροῦ τῆς Ἰνδικῆς πρὸς τὰ περὶ τοὺς Βακτρίους μέρη, προστεθέντων τρισχιλίων τοῖς μυρίοις καὶ πεντακισχιλίοις, ὧν οἱ μὲν τοῦ πλάτους ἦσαν τῶν ὀρῶν οἱ δὲ τῆς Ἰνδικῆς.
And from Meroe to the Hellespont is not more than eighteen thousand stadia, which is equal to the distance from the southern side of India to the regions around the Bactrians, three thousand being added to the fifteen thousand, of which the former belonged to the width of the mountains and the latter to that of India.
§2.1.4πρὸς δὲ τὴν ἀπόφασιν ταύτην ὁ Ἵππαρχος ἀντιλέγει διαβάλλων τὰς πίστεις· οὐδὲ γὰρ Πατροκλέα πιστὸν εἶναι, δυεῖν ἀντιμαρτυρούντων αὐτῷ Δηιμάχου τε καὶ Μεγασθένους, οἳ καθʼ οὓς μὲν τόπους δισμυρίων εἶναι σταδίων τὸ διάστημά φασι τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς κατὰ μεσημβρίαν θαλάττης, καθʼ οὓς δὲ καὶ τρισμυρίων· τούτους τε δὴ τοιαῦτα λέγειν καὶ τοὺς ἀρχαίους πίνακας τούτοις ὁμολογεῖν.
But Hipparchus speaks against this assertion, criticizing the proofs; for he says that not even Patrocles is reliable, since two witnesses testify against him, namely Deimachus and Megasthenes, who say that in some places the distance from the southern sea is twenty thousand stadia, and in others even thirty thousand; and that these men say such things and the ancient maps agree with them.
ἀπίθανον δή που νομίζει τὸ μόνῳ δεῖν πιστεύειν Πατροκλεῖ, παρέντας τοὺς τοσοῦτον ἀντιμαρτυροῦντας αὐτῷ, καὶ διορθοῦσθαι παρʼ αὐτὸ τοῦτο τοὺς ἀρχαίους πίνακας, ἀλλὰ μὴ ἐᾶν οὕτως, ἕως ἄν τι πιστότερον περὶ αὐτῶν γνῶμεν.
He therefore considers it quite incredible that one must trust Patrocles alone, passing over those who testify so much against him, and that on this very account one should correct the ancient maps, instead of leaving them as they are until we know something more reliable about them.