§15.1.13̔́απασα δʼ ἐστὶ κατάρρυτος ποταμοῖς ἡ Ἰνδική, τοῖς μὲν εἰς δύο τοὺς μεγίστους συρρηγνυμένοις τόν τε Ἰνδὸν καὶ τὸν Γάγγην, τοῖς δὲ κατʼ ἴδια στόματα ἐκδιδοῦσιν εἰς τὴν θάλατταν·
All India is well-watered by rivers, some of them uniting into the two largest, the Indus and the Ganges, and others emptying into the sea by their own mouths.
ἅπαντες δʼ ἀπὸ τοῦ Καυκάσου τὴν ἀρχὴν ἔχουσι καὶ φέρονται μὲν ἐπὶ τὴν μεσημβρίαν τὸ πρῶτον, εἶθʼ οἱ μὲν μένουσιν ἐπὶ τῆς αὐτῆς φορᾶς καὶ μάλιστα οἱ εἰς τὸν Ἰνδὸν συμβάλλοντες, οἱ δʼ ἐπιστρέφονται πρὸς ἕω, καθάπερ καὶ ὁ Γάγγης ποταμός.
They all have their sources in the Caucasus and flow first towards the south, then some of them keep the same direction of flow, especially those that join the Indus, while others turn towards the east, just as the Ganges River also does.
οὗτος μὲν οὖν καταβὰς ἐκ τῆς ὀρεινῆς, ἐπειδὰν ἅψηται τῶν πεδίων ἐπιστρέψας πρὸς ἕω καὶ ῥυεὶς παρὰ τὰ Παλίβοθρα μεγίστην πόλιν πρόεισιν ἐπὶ τὴν ταύτῃ θάλατταν καὶ μίαν ἐκβολὴν ποιεῖται, μέγιστος ὢν τῶν κατὰ τὴν Ἰνδικὴν ποταμῶν·
Now this river, having descended from the mountainous country, when it reaches the plains, turns towards the east and flowing past Palibothra, the greatest city, proceeds to the sea in this region and makes a single outlet, being the largest of the rivers in India.
ὁ δὲ Ἰνδὸς δυσὶ στόμασιν εἰς τὴν μεσημβρινὴν ἐκπίπτει θάλατταν, ἐμπεριλαμβάνων τὴν Παταληνὴν καλουμένην χώραν παραπλησίαν τῷ κατʼ Αἴγυπτον Δέλτα.
On the other hand, the Indus empties by two mouths into the southern sea, encompassing the country called Patalene, which is similar to the Delta of Egypt.
ἐκ δὲ τῆς ἀναθυμιάσεως τῶν τοσούτων ποταμῶν καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἐτησίων, ὡς Ἐρατοσθένης φησί, βρέχεται τοῖς θερινοῖς ὄμβροις ἡ Ἰνδική, καὶ λιμνάζει τὰ πεδία·
From the evaporation of so many rivers and from the Etesian winds, as Eratosthenes says, India is watered by the summer rains, and the plains become like lakes.
ἐν μὲν οὖν τούτοις τοῖς ὄμβροις λίνον σπείρεται καὶ κέγχρος, πρὸς τούτοις σήσαμον ὄρυζα βόσμορον· τοῖς δὲ χειμερινοῖς καιροῖς πυροὶ κριθαὶ ὄσπρια καὶ ἄλλοι καρποὶ ἐδώδιμοι, ὧν ἡμεῖς ἄπειροι.
Now, during these rains, flax and millet are sown, and in addition to these, sesame, rice, and bosmoron; while in the winter season, wheat, barley, pulse, and other edible fruits of which we are ignorant are sown.
σχεδὸν δέ τι τοῖς ἐν Αἰθιοπίᾳ καὶ κατʼ Αἴγυπτον τὰ αὐτὰ φύεται καὶ ἐν τῇ Ἰνδικῇ, καὶ τῶν ἐν τοῖς ποταμοῖς πλὴν ἵππου ποταμίου τὰ ἄλλα φέρουσι καὶ οἱ Ἰνδικοί· Ὀνησίκριτος δὲ καὶ τοὺς ἵππους γίνεσθαί φησι.
Almost the same things grow in India as in Ethiopia and Egypt, and the Indian rivers also produce the other animals of those in Egypt except the hippopotamus, though Onesicritus says that even hippopotamuses are found there.
τῶν δʼ ἀνθρώπων οἱ μὲν μεσημβρινοὶ τοῖς Αἰθίοψίν εἰσιν ὅμοιοι κατὰ τὴν χροιάν, κατὰ δὲ τὴν ὄψιν καὶ τὴν τρίχωσιν τοῖς ἄλλοις (οὐδὲ γὰρ οὐλοτριχοῦσι διὰ τὴν ὑγρότητα τοῦ ἀέρος), οἱ δὲ βόρειοι τοῖς Αἰγυπτίοις.
As for the people, those of the south are like the Ethiopians in color, but in countenance and hair they are like the rest (for they do not have woolly hair, owing to the humidity of the air), while those of the north are like the Egyptians.
§15.1.14τὴν δὲ Ταπροβάνην πελαγίαν εἶναί φασι νῆσον ἀπέχουσαν τῶν νοτιωτάτων τῆς Ἰνδικῆς τῶν κατὰ τοὺς Κωνιακοὺς πρὸς μεσημβρίαν ἡμερῶν ἑπτὰ πλοῦν, μῆκος μὲν ὡς πεντακισχιλίων σταδίων ἐπὶ τὴν Αἰθιοπίαν· ἔχειν δὲ καὶ ἐλέφαντας.
And they say that Taprobane is an island in the open sea, lying at a distance of seven days' sail towards the south from the southernmost parts of India, those near the Coniaci, its length being about five thousand stadia towards Ethiopia; and that it also has elephants.
§15.1.15τοιαῦται μὲν αἱ τοῦ Ἐρατοσθένους ἀποφάσεις.
Such are the statements of Eratosthenes.
προστεθεῖσαι δὲ καὶ αἱ τῶν ἄλλων, εἴ πού τι προσακριβοῦσιν, εἰδοποιήσουσι τὴν γραφήν.
But if the statements of others also are added, in case they make any further accurate details, they will give shape to our description.
οἷον περὶ τῆς Ταπροβάνης Ὀνησίκριτός φησι μέγεθος μὲν εἶναι πεντακισχιλίων σταδίων, οὐ διορίσας μῆκος οὐδὲ πλάτος, διέχειν δὲ τῆς ἠπείρου πλοῦν ἡμερῶν εἴκοσιν· ἀλλὰ κακοπλοεῖν τὰς ναῦς, φαύλως μὲν ἱστιοπεποιημένας κατεσκευασμένας δὲ ἀμφοτέρωθεν ἐγκοιλίων μητρῶν χωρίς.
For instance, concerning Taprobane, Onesicritus says that its size is five thousand stadia, without distinguishing length or breadth, and that it is distant from the mainland a voyage of twenty days, but that the ships are poor sailors, being wretchedly fitted with sails and constructed without internal ribs on both sides.
εἶναι δὲ καὶ ἄλλας νήσους αὐτῆς μεταξὺ καὶ τῆς Ἰνδικῆς, νοτιωτάτην δʼ ἐκείνην.
And he says that there are also other islands between it and India, but that Taprobane is the southernmost.
κήτη δʼ ἀμφίβια περὶ αὐτὴν γίνεσθαι, τὰ μὲν βουσὶ τὰ δʼ ἵπποις τὰ δʼ ἄλλοις χερσαίοις ἐοικότα.
Amphibious sea-monsters are found around it, some resembling oxen, some horses, and others other land animals.
§15.1.16Νέαρχος δὲ περὶ τῆς ἐκ τῶν ποταμῶν ἐπιχοῆς παραδείγματα φέρει τὰ τοιαῦτα, ὅτι καὶ τὸ Ἕρμου καὶ Καΰστρου πεδίον καὶ Μαιάνδρου καὶ Καΐκου παραπλησίως εἴρηται διὰ τὴν ἐπιφορουμένην τοῖς πεδίοις χοῦν αὔξειν αὐτά, μᾶλλον δὲ γεννᾶν, ἐκ τῶν ὀρῶν καταφερομένην, ὅση εὔγεως καὶ μαλακή· καταφέρειν δὲ τοὺς ποταμούς, ὥστε τούτων ὡς ἂν γεννήματα ὑπάρχειν τὰ πεδία· καὶ εὖ λέγεσθαι ὅτι τούτων ἐστι τὰ πεδία.
And Nearchus, concerning the deposition of soil by the rivers, adduces such examples as this: that the plains of the Hermus, the Caÿster, the Maeander, and the Caïcus are spoken of in a similar way, because the silt carried onto the plains increases them, or rather produces them, being brought down from the mountains, as much of it as is fertile and soft; and that the rivers bring this down, so that the plains are, as it were, the offspring of these rivers, and it is well said that the plains belong to them.
τοῦτο δὲ ταὐτόν ἐστι τῷ ὑπὸ τοῦ Ἡροδότου λεχθέντι ἐπὶ τοῦ Νείλου καὶ τῆς ἐπʼ αὐτῷ γῆς ὅτι ἐκείνου δῶρόν ἐστι· διὰ τοῦτο δʼ ὀρθῶς καὶ ὁμώνυμον τῇ Αἰγύπτῳ φησὶ λεχθῆναι τὸν Νεῖλον ὁ Νέαρχος.
This is the same as what was said by Herodotus of the Nile and the land along it, that it is the gift of the river; and for this reason Nearchus says that the Nile was also correctly called by the same name as Egypt.