§15.1.1τὰ περιλειπόμενα τῆς Ἀσίας ἐστὶ τὰ ἐκτὸς τοῦ Ταύρου, πλὴν Κιλικίας καὶ Παμφυλίας καὶ Λυκίας, τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰνδικῆς μέχρι Νείλου μεταξὺ τοῦ Ταύρου καὶ τῆς ἔξω θαλάττης τῆς νοτίου κείμενα.
The remaining parts of Asia are those outside the Taurus, except Cilicia, Pamphylia, and Lycia, lying between the Taurus and the southern outer sea, from India as far as the Nile.
μετὰ δὲ τὴν Ἀσίαν ἡ Λιβύη ἐστί, περὶ ἧς ἐροῦμεν ὕστερον, νῦν δʼ ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰνδικῆς ἀρκτέον· πρώτη γὰρ ἔκκειται πρὸς ταῖς ἀνατολαῖς καὶ μεγίστη.
After Asia is Libya, of which we shall speak later, but now we must begin with India; for it lies foremost towards the east and is the largest.
§15.1.2δεῖ δʼ εὐγνωμόνως ἀκούειν περὶ αὐτῆς· καὶ γὰρ ἀπωτάτω ἐστί, καὶ οὐ πολλοὶ τῶν ἡμετέρων κατώπτευσαν αὐτήν· οἱ δὲ καὶ ἰδόντες μέρη τινὰ εἶδον, τὰ δὲ πλείω λέγουσιν ἐξ ἀκοῆς· καὶ ἃ εἶδον δὲ ἐν παρόδῳ στρατιωτικῇ καὶ δρόμῳ κατέμαθον·
But we must listen to reports about it fair-mindedly; for it is extremely far away, and not many of our people have seen it; and even those who did see it saw only certain parts, and tell most of what they say from hearsay; and even what they did see they learned during a military passage and in haste.
διόπερ οὐδὲ τὰ αὐτὰ περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν ἐξαγγέλλουσι, καὶ ταῦτα συγγράψαντες ὡς ἂν πεφροντισμένως ἐξητασμένα, τινὲς δʼ αὐτῶν καὶ συστρατεύσαντες ἀλλήλοις καὶ συνεπιδημήσαντες, καθάπερ οἱ Ἀλεξάνδρῳ συγκαταστρεψάμενοι τὴν Ἀσίαν· ἀλλʼ ἕκαστος ἑκάστῳ τἀναντία λέγει πολλάκις.
Therefore they do not even report the same things about the same subjects, and that too though they have written them down as if they had been carefully examined; and some of them even campaigned together and stayed together, just like those who helped Alexander conquer Asia; yet they often say the very opposite of each other.
ὅπου δὲ καὶ περὶ τῶν ὁραθέντων οὕτω διαφέρονται, τί δεῖ νομίζειν περὶ τῶν ἐξ ἀκοῆς;
Where they differ so much even about things seen, what must we think about things heard?
§15.1.3καὶ μὴν οὐδʼ οἱ πολλοῖς χρόνοις ὕστερον συγγράψαντές τι περὶ τούτων, οὐδʼ οἱ νῦν πλέοντες ἐκεῖσε, ἀποφαίνονταί τι ἀκριβές.
Indeed, neither those who wrote anything about these matters many times later, nor those who now sail thither, declare anything accurate.
Ἀπολλόδωρος γοῦν ὁ τὰ Παρθικὰ ποιήσας, μεμνημένος καὶ τῶν τὴν Βακτριανὴν ἀποστησάντων Ἑλλήνων παρὰ τῶν Συριακῶν βασιλέων τῶν ἀπὸ Σελεύκου τοῦ Νικάτορος, φησὶ μὲν αὐτοὺς αὐξηθέντας ἐπιθέσθαι καὶ τῇ Ἰνδικῇ· οὐδὲν δὲ προσανακαλύπτει * τῶν πρότερον ἐγνωσμένων, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐναντιολογεῖ πλείω τῆς Ἰνδικῆς ἐκείνους ἢ Μακεδόνας καταστρέψασθαι λέγων· Εὐκρατίδαν γοῦν πόλεις χιλίας ὑφʼ ἑαυτῷ ἔχειν· ἐκεῖνοι δέ γε αὐτὰ τὰ μεταξὺ ἔθνη τοῦ τε Ὑδάσπου καὶ τοῦ Ὑπάνιος τὸν ἀριθμὸν ἐννέα, πόλεις τε σχεῖν πεντακισχιλίας, ὧν μηδεμίαν εἶναι Κῶ τῆς Μεροπίδος ἐλάττω· ταύτην δὲ πᾶσαν τὴν χώραν καταστρεψάμενον Ἀλέξανδρον παραδοῦναι Πώρῳ.
Apollodorus, for instance, who wrote the Parthian history, mentioning also the Greeks who caused Bactriana to revolt from the Syrian kings who succeeded Seleucus Nicator, says that they grew powerful and attacked even India; but he reveals nothing new beyond what was previously known, but even contradicts himself, saying that those Greeks conquered more of India than the Macedonians did—Eucratides, at any rate, having a thousand cities under him—whereas they (the Macedonians) possessed only the nations between the Hydaspes and the Hypanis, nine in number, and had five thousand cities, none of which was smaller than Cos of Meropis, and that Alexander, having conquered all this country, delivered it to Porus.
§15.1.4καὶ οἱ νῦν δὲ ἐξ Αἰγύπτου πλέοντες ἐμπορικοὶ τῷ Νείλῳ καὶ τῷ Ἀραβίῳ κόλπῳ μέχρι τῆς Ἰνδικῆς σπάνιοι μὲν καὶ περιπεπλεύκασι μέχρι τοῦ Γάγγου, καὶ οὗτοι δʼ ἰδιῶται καὶ οὐδὲν πρὸς ἱστορίαν τῶν τόπων χρήσιμοι.
And the merchants who now sail from Egypt by the Nile and the Arabian Gulf as far as India, only rarely have sailed as far as the Ganges, and even these are common people and of no use for the history of the places.
κἀκεῖθεν δὲ ἀφʼ ἑνὸς τόπου καὶ παρʼ ἑνὸς βασιλέως, Πανδίονος κατʼ ἄλλους Πώρου, ἧκεν ὡς Καίσαρα τὸν Σεβαστὸν δῶρα καὶ πρεσβεῖα καὶ ὁ κατακαύσας ἑαυτὸν Ἀθήνησι σοφιστὴς Ἰνδός, καθάπερ καὶ ὁ Κάλανος Ἀλεξάνδρῳ τὴν τοιαύτην θέαν ἐπιδειξάμενος.
And from there, from one place and from one king, Pandion, or according to others Porus, there came to Caesar Augustus gifts and embassies, and also the Indian sophist who burned himself at Athens, just as Calanus had exhibited such a spectacle to Alexander.
§15.1.5εἰ τοίνυν ταῦτʼ ἀφείς τις τὴν πρὸ τῆς Ἀλεξάνδρου στρατείας ἐπιβλέποι μνήμην, πολὺ ἂν εὕροι τούτων τυφλότερα.
If, therefore, dismissing these, one should look at the reports before Alexander's expedition, he would find them much more obscure than these.
Ἀλέξανδρον μὲν οὖν πιστεύειν τοῖς τοιούτοις εἰκός, τετυφωμένον ταῖς τοσαύταις εὐτυχίαις.
It was reasonable, indeed, for Alexander to believe such reports, puffed up as he was by so many successes.
φησὶ γοῦν Νέαρχος φιλονεικῆσαι αὐτὸν διὰ τῆς Γεδρωσίας ἀγαγεῖν τὴν στρατιάν, πεπυσμένον διότι καὶ Σεμίραμις ἐστράτευσεν ἐπὶ Ἰνδοὺς καὶ Κῦρος· ἀλλʼ ἡ μὲν ἀνέστρεψε φεύγουσα μετὰ εἴκοσιν ἀνθρώπων, ἐκεῖνος δὲ μεθʼ ἑπτά· ὡς σεμνὸν τὸ ἐκείνων τοσαῦτα παθόντων αὐτὸν καὶ στρατόπεδον διασῶσαι μετὰ νίκης διὰ τῶν αὐτῶν ἐθνῶν τε καὶ τόπων.
At any rate, Nearchus says that he was eager to lead his army through Gedrosia because he had heard that both Semiramis and Cyrus had campaigned against the Indians; but that she had returned in flight with twenty men, and he with seven; and he thought how grand it would be, when they had suffered so much, for himself to bring his army back safe with victory through the same nations and regions.
§15.1.6Ἐκεῖνος μὲν δὴ ἐπίστευσεν· ἡμῖν δὲ τίς ἂν δικαία γένοιτο πίστις περὶ τῶν Ἰνδικῶν ἐκ τῆς τοιαύτης στρατείας τοῦ Κύρου ἢ τῆς Σεμιράμιδος;
He, indeed, believed them; but what just ground of belief could we have about Indian affairs from such an expedition of Cyrus or of Semiramis?
συναποφαίνεται δέ πως καὶ Μεγασθένης τῷ λόγῳ τούτῳ κελεύων ἀπιστεῖν ταῖς ἀρχαίαις περὶ Ἰνδῶν ἱστορίαις· οὔτε γὰρ παρʼ Ἰνδῶν ἔξω σταλῆναί ποτε στρατιάν, οὔτʼ ἐπελθεῖν ἔξωθεν καὶ κρατῆσαι πλὴν τῆς μεθʼ Ἡρακλέους καὶ Διονύσου καὶ τῆς νῦν μετὰ Μακεδόνων.
Megasthenes also agrees in a way with this view, bidding us disbelieve the ancient histories about the Indians; for he says that no army was ever sent out from India, nor did any army from abroad invade and conquer them, except that under Heracles and Dionysus, and the present one under the Macedonians.
καίτοι Σέσωστριν μὲν τὸν Αἰγύπτιον καὶ Τεάρκωνα τὸν Αἰθίοπα ἕως Εὐρώπης προελθεῖν, Ναβοκοδρόσορον δὲ τὸν παρὰ Χαλδαίοις εὐδοκιμήσαντα Ἡρακλέους μᾶλλον καὶ ἕως Στηλῶν ἐλάσαι.
And yet Sesostris the Egyptian and Tearco the Ethiopian advanced as far as Europe, and Nabocodrosorus, who was famous among the Chaldaeans, marched even further than Heracles, even to the Pillars.
μέχρι μὲν δὴ δεῦρο καὶ Τεάρκωνα ἀφικέσθαι, ἐκεῖνον δὲ καὶ ἐκ τῆς Ἰβηρίας εἰς τὴν Θρᾴκην καὶ τὸν Πόντον ἀγαγεῖν τὴν στρατιάν· Ἰδάνθυρσον δὲ τὸν Σκύθην ἐπιδραμεῖν τῆς Ἀσίας μέχρι Αἰγύπτου· τῆς δὲ Ἰνδικῆς μηδένα τούτων ἅψασθαι·
Indeed, Tearco also reached as far as this place, and that other leader led his army from Iberia to Thrace and the Pontus; and Idanthyrsus the Scythian overran Asia as far as Egypt; but none of these ever touched India.
καὶ Σεμίραμιν δʼ ἀποθανεῖν πρὸ τῆς ἐπιχειρήσεως·
And Semiramis died before her attempt.
Πέρσας δὲ μισθοφόρους μὲν ἐκ τῆς Ἰνδικῆς μεταπέμψασθαι Ὑδράκας, ἐκεῖ δὲ μὴ στρατεῦσαι, ἀλλʼ ἐγγὺς ἐλθεῖν μόνον ἡνίκα Κῦρος ἤλαυνεν ἐπὶ Μασσαγέτας.
And the Persians, though they sent for Hydraces as mercenaries from India, did not campaign there, but only came near it when Cyrus was marching against the Massagetae.