§14.2.27πολλῶν δὲ λόγων εἰρημένων περὶ Καρῶν ὁ μάλισθʼ ὁμολογούμενός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι οἱ Κᾶρες ὑπὸ Μίνω ἐτάττοντο, τότε Λέλεγες καλούμενοι, καὶ τὰς νήσους ᾤκουν· εἶτʼ ἠπειρῶται γενόμενοι πολλὴν τῆς παραλίας καὶ τῆς μεσογαίας κατέσχον τοὺς προκατέχοντας ἀφελόμενοι· καὶ οὗτοι δʼ ἦσαν οἱ πλείους Λέλεγες καὶ Πελασγοί· πάλιν δὲ τούτους ἀφείλοντο μέρος οἱ Ἕλληνες, Ἴωνές τε καὶ Δωριεῖς.
Of the many accounts given of the Carians, the one most generally agreed upon is this: that the Carians, then called Leleges, were subject to Minos and inhabited the islands; then, becoming mainlanders, they took possession of much of the coast and the interior, having taken it away from those who previously held it; and these latter were mostly Leleges and Pelasgians; and again the Greeks, both Ionians and Dorians, took away a portion of this from them.
τοῦ δὲ περὶ τὰ στρατιωτικὰ ζήλου τά τε ὄχανα ποιοῦνται τεκμήρια καὶ τὰ ἐπίσημα καὶ τοὺς λόφους· ἅπαντα γὰρ λέγεται Καρικά·
As evidence of their zeal for military affairs they bring forward shield-straps, devices, and crests; for all these are called Carian.
Ἀνακρέων μέν γε φησίν
"
διὰ δηὖτε καρικοεργέος
ὀχάνου χεῖρα τιθέμεναι
"
ὁ δʼ Ἀλκαῖος
"
λόφον τε σείων Καρικόν. " §14.2.28τοῦ ποιητοῦ δʼ εἰρηκότος οὑτωσί
"
μάσθλης αὖ Καρῶν ἡγήσατο βαρβαροφώνων,
"
οὐκ ἔχει λόγον πῶς τοσαῦτα εἰδὼς ἔθνη βάρβαρα μόνους εἴρηκε βαρβαροφώνους τοὺς Κᾶρας, βαρβάρους δʼ οὐδένας·
Anacreon, at any rate, says: "And now again to put my hand through the Carian-wrought shield-strap," and Alcaeus: "shaking a Carian crest." But when the poet has said: "Mastles on his part led the Carians of barbarian speech," it does not make sense why, although he knew so many barbarian nations, he called the Carians alone 'of barbarian speech' (barbarophones) and none barbarian.
οὔτʼ οὖν Θουκυδίδης ὀρθῶς· οὐδὲ γὰρ λέγεσθαί φησι βαρβάρους διὰ τὸ μηδὲ Ἕλληνάς πω ἀντίπαλον εἰς ἓν ὄνομα ἀποκεκρίσθαι·
Neither, therefore, is Thucydides correct; for he says that the term 'barbarians' was not used because the Greeks had not yet been distinguished under one opposite name.
τό τε γὰρ μηδὲ Ἕλληνάς πω ψεῦδος αὐτὸς ὁ ποιητὴς ἀπελέγχει
"
ἀνδρός, τοῦ κλέος εὐρὺ καθʼ Ἑλλάδα καὶ μέσον Ἄργος. "
καὶ πάλιν
"
εἴτʼ ἐθέλεις τραφθῆναι ἀνʼ Ἑλλάδα καὶ μέσον Ἄργος. "
μὴ λεγομένων τε βαρβάρων πῶς ἔμελλεν εὖ λεχθήσεσθαι τὸ βαρβαροφώνων;
For that the Greeks were not yet so named is refuted by the poet himself: "of a man whose fame is wide through Hellas and mid-Argos." and again: "or if you wish to be turned through Hellas and mid-Argos." And if 'barbarians' was not used, how was the word 'barbarophones' likely to be well said?
οὔτε δὴ οὗτος εὖ οὔτʼ Ἀπολλόδωρος ὁ γραμματικός, ὅτι τῷ κοινῷ ὀνόματι ἰδίως καὶ λοιδόρως ἐχρῶντο οἱ Ἕλληνες κατὰ τῶν Καρῶν, καὶ μάλιστα οἱ Ἴωνες μισοῦντες αὐτοὺς διὰ τὴν ἔχθραν καὶ τὰς συνεχεῖς στρατείας· ἐχρῆν γὰρ οὕτως βαρβάρους ὀνομάζειν.
So neither is he correct, nor Apollodorus the grammarian, who says that the Greeks used the common name specially and as a term of abuse against the Carians, and especially the Ionians, because of their hatred and constant campaigns; for they ought to have called them 'barbarians' in that case.
ἡμεῖς δὲ ζητοῦμεν διὰ τί βαρβαροφώνους καλεῖ, βαρβάρους δʼ οὐδʼ ἅπαξ.
But we are seeking why he calls them 'barbarophones', but 'barbarians' not even once.
ὅτι
φησί
τὸ πληθυντικὸν εἰς τὸ μέτρον οὐκ ἐμπίπτει, διὰ τοῦτʼ οὐκ εἴρηκε βαρβάρους.
Because, he says, the plural form does not fit into the meter; therefore he did not say 'barbarians'.
ἀλλʼ αὕτη μὲν ἡ πτῶσις οὐκ ἐμπίπτει, ἡ δʼ ὀρθὴ οὐ διαφέρει τῆς Δάρδανοι
"
Τρῶες καὶ Λύκιοι καὶ Δάρδανοι. "
τοιοῦτον δὲ καὶ τό
"
οἷοι Τρώιοι ἵπποι. "
οὐδέ γε ὅτι τραχυτάτη ἡ γλῶττα τῶν Καρῶν· οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἀλλὰ καὶ πλεῖστα Ἑλληνικὰ ὀνόματα ἔχει καταμεμιγμένα, ὥς φησι Φίλιππος ὁ τὰ Καρικὰ γράψας.
But although this case-form does not fit, the nominative case does not differ from 'Dardanoi': "Trojans and Lycians and Dardanians." And such also is: "What Trojans' horses." Nor indeed because the tongue of the Carians is very harsh; for it is not, but has very many Greek words mixed in, as Philippus, the author of the Carica, says.
οἶμαι δὲ τὸ βάρβαρον κατʼ ἀρχὰς ἐκπεφωνῆσθαι οὕτως κατʼ ὀνοματοποιίαν ἐπὶ τῶν δυσεκφόρως καὶ σκληρῶς καὶ τραχέως λαλούντων, ὡς τὸ βατταρίζειν καὶ τραυλίζειν καὶ ψελλίζειν.
But I think that the word 'barbarian' was originally pronounced in this way by onomatopoeia to designate those who spoke with difficulty, harshly, and roughly, like 'battarizein' (to stammer), 'traulizein' (to lisp), and 'psellizein' (to speak indistinctly).
εὐφυέστατοι γάρ ἐσμεν τὰς φωνὰς ταῖς ὁμοίαις φωναῖς κατονομάζειν διὰ τὸ ὁμογενές· ᾗ δὴ καὶ πλεονάζουσιν ἐνταῦθα αἱ ὀνοματοποιίαι, οἷον τὸ κελαρύζειν καὶ κλαγγὴ δὲ καὶ ψόφος καὶ βοὴ καὶ κρότος, ὧν τὰ πλεῖστα ἤδη καὶ κυρίως ἐκφέρεται·
For we are naturally very apt to name voices by similar voices because of their homogeneity; wherefore indeed onomatopoeias abound in this connection, as 'kelaryzein' (to babble), and 'klange' (clang), and 'psophos' (noise), and 'boe' (cry), and 'krotos' (clapping), of which most are now used in their proper senses.
πάντων δὴ τῶν παχυστομούντων οὕτως βαρβάρων λεγομένων, ἐφάνη τὰ τῶν ἀλλοεθνῶν στόματα τοιαῦτα, λέγω δὲ τὰ τῶν μὴ Ἑλλήνων.
Now, when all who spoke with a thick voice were thus called 'barbarians', the mouths of other nations appeared to be of this kind—I mean those of non-Greeks.
ἐκείνους οὖν ἰδίως ἐκάλεσαν βαρβάρους, ἐν ἀρχαῖς μὲν κατὰ τὸ λοίδορον, ὡς ἂν παχυστόμους ἢ τραχυστόμους, εἶτα κατεχρησάμεθα ὡς ἐθνικῷ κοινῷ ὀνόματι ἀντιδιαιροῦντες πρὸς τοὺς Ἕλληνας.
They therefore called them specifically 'barbarians', at first as a term of abuse, as if they were thick-mouthed or rough-mouthed, and then we misused it as a common ethnic name in contrast to the Greeks.
καὶ γὰρ δὴ τῇ πολλῇ συνηθείᾳ καὶ ἐπιπλοκῇ τῶν βαρβάρων οὐκέτι ἐφαίνετο κατὰ παχυστομίαν καὶ ἀφυΐαν τινὰ τῶν φωνητηρίων ὀργάνων τοῦτο συμβαῖνον, ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὰς τῶν διαλέκτων ἰδιότητας.
Indeed, through long familiarity and intercourse with barbarians, it no longer appeared to happen because of any thickness of speech and natural defect of the vocal organs, but because of the peculiarities of their dialects.
ἄλλη δέ τις ἐν τῇ ἡμετέρᾳ διαλέκτῳ ἀνεφάνη κακοστομία καὶ οἷον βαρβαροστομία, εἴ τις ἑλληνίζων μὴ κατορθοίη, ἀλλʼ οὕτω λέγοι τὰ ὀνόματα ὡς οἱ βάρβαροι οἱ εἰσαγόμενοι εἰς τὸν ἑλληνισμὸν οὐκ ἰσχύοντες ἀρτιστομεῖν, ὡς οὐδʼ ἡμεῖς ἐν ταῖς ἐκείνων διαλέκτοις.
And another kind of bad speech, and as it were 'barbarian speech' (barbarostomia), appeared in our own dialect, if anyone speaking Greek should not go right, but should say the words in such a way as the barbarians who are introduced into Greek citizenship and are not able to speak correctly, just as we cannot in their dialects.
τοῦτο δὲ μάλιστα συνέβη τοῖς Καρσί· τῶν γὰρ ἄλλων οὔτʼ ἐπιπλεκομένων πω σφόδρα τοῖς Ἕλλησιν, οὔτʼ ἐπιχειρούντων ἑλληνικῶς ζῆν ἢ μανθάνειν τὴν ἡμετέραν διάλεκτον, πλὴν εἴ τινες σπάνιοι καὶ κατὰ τύχην ἐπεμίχθησαν καὶ κατʼ ἄνδρα ὀλίγοις τῶν Ἑλλήνων τισίν· οὗτοι δὲ καθʼ ὅλην ἐπλανήθησαν τὴν Ἑλλάδα μισθοῦ στρατεύοντες.
And this happened especially to the Carians; for while the others were not yet much mingled with the Greeks, nor attempting to live in Greek fashion or to learn our dialect, except for a few who by chance and individually mingled with some few of the Greeks, the Carians wandered through the whole of Greece serving as mercenaries for pay.
ἤδη οὖν τὸ βαρβαρόφωνον ἐπʼ ἐκείνων πυκνὸν ἦν ἀπὸ τῆς εἰς τὴν Ἑλλάδα αὐτῶν στρατείας· καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα ἐπεπόλασε πολὺ μᾶλλον, ἀφʼ οὗ τάς τε νήσους μετὰ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ᾤκησαν, κἀκεῖθεν εἰς τὴν Ἀσίαν ἐκπεσόντες οὐδʼ ἐνταῦθα χωρὶς Ἑλλήνων οἰκεῖν ἠδύναντο, ἐπιδιαβάντων τῶν Ἰώνων καὶ τῶν Δωριέων.
Already, therefore, the term 'barbarophone' was frequent in their case from their campaigns into Greece; and after this it prevailed much more, from the time when they inhabited the islands with the Greeks, and being driven from there to Asia, they could not live even here apart from the Greeks, when the Ionians and Dorians crossed over.
ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς αὐτῆς αἰτίας καὶ τὸ βαρβαρίζειν λέγεται· καὶ γὰρ τοῦτο ἐπὶ τῶν κακῶς ἑλληνιζόντων εἰώθαμεν λέγειν, οὐκ ἐπὶ τῶν καριστὶ λαλούντων.
From the same cause also 'barbarizein' (to barbarize) is said; for we are accustomed to say this of those who speak Greek badly, not of those who speak in the Carian tongue.
οὕτως οὖν καὶ τὸ βαρβαροφωνεῖν καὶ τοὺς βαρβαροφώνους δεκτέον τοὺς κακῶς ἑλληνίζοντας· ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ καρίζειν καὶ τὸ βαρβαρίζειν μετήνεγκαν εἰς τὰς περὶ ἑλληνισμοῦ τέχνας καὶ τὸ σολοικίζειν, εἴτʼ ἀπὸ Σόλων εἴτʼ ἄλλως τοῦ ὀνόματος τούτου πεπλασμένου.
So, therefore, both 'barbarophonein' (to speak like a barbarian) and 'barbarophones' (of barbarian speech) must be understood of those who speak Greek badly; and from 'karizein' and 'barbarizein' they transferred to the grammatical arts also 'soloikizein' (to commit a solecism), whether from Soli or this name being coined in some other way.