§11.9.1ἡ δὲ Παρθυαία πολλὴ μὲν οὐκ ἔστι· συνετέλει γοῦν μετὰ τῶν Ὑρκανῶν τὰ Περσικὰ καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα τῶν Μακεδόνων κρατούντων ἐπὶ χρόνον πολύν.
Parthyaea is not of great extent; at any rate, it paid tribute together with the Hyrcanians during the Persian period, and after that for a long time when the Macedonians were in power.
πρὸς δὲ τῇ σμικρότητι δασεῖα καὶ ὀρεινή ἐστι καὶ ἄπορος, ὥστε διὰ τοῦτο δρόμῳ διεξιᾶσι τὸν ἑαυτῶν οἱ βασιλεῖς ὄχλον, οὐ δυναμένης τρέφειν τῆς χώρας οὐδʼ ἐπὶ μικρόν· ἀλλὰ νῦν ηὔξηται.
In addition to its smallness, it is thickly wooded, mountainous, and poverty-stricken, so that for this reason the kings pass through their own country with their host at a run, since the land is not able to support them even for a short time; but now it has increased in size.
μέρη δʼ ἐστὶ τῆς Παρθυηνῆς ἥ τε Κωμισηνὴ καὶ ἡ Χωρήνη, σχεδὸν δέ τι καὶ τὰ μέχρι πυλῶν Κασπίων καὶ Ῥαγῶν καὶ Ταπύρων ὄντα τῆς Μηδίας πρότερον.
Parts of Parthyene are Comisene and Chorene, and also, one might almost say, the territory as far as the Caspian Gates and Rhagae and the Tapyri, which formerly belonged to Media.
ἔστι δʼ Ἀπάμεια καὶ Ἡράκλεια, πόλεις περὶ τὰς Ῥάγας.
Apameia and Heracleia are cities around Rhagae.
εἰσὶ δʼ ἀπὸ Κασπίων πυλῶν εἰς μὲν Ῥάγας στάδιοι πεντακόσιοι, ὥς φησιν Ἀπολλόδωρος, εἰς δʼ Ἑκατόμπυλον τὸ τῶν Παρθυαίων βασίλειον χίλιοι διακόσιοι ἑξήκοντα·
From the Caspian Gates to Rhagae is five hundred stadia, as Apollodorus says, and to Hecatompylos, the royal seat of the Parthians, one thousand two hundred and sixty.
τοὔνομα δὲ ταῖς Ῥάγαις ἀπὸ τῶν γενομένων σεισμῶν γενέσθαι φασίν, ὑφʼ ὧν πόλεις τε συχναὶ καὶ κῶμαι δισχίλιαι, ὡς Ποσειδώνιός φησι, ἀνετράπησαν.
They say that the name Rhagae was derived from the earthquakes that occurred, by which many cities and two thousand villages, as Poseidonius says, were overthrown.
τοὺς δὲ Ταπύρους οἰκεῖν φασι μεταξὺ Δερβίκων τε καὶ Ὑρκανῶν.
And they say that the Tapyri live between the Derbices and the Hyrcanians.
ἱστοροῦσι δὲ περὶ τῶν Ταπύρων ὅτι αὐτοῖς εἴη νόμιμον τὰς γυναῖκας ἐκδιδόναι τὰς γαμετὰς ἑτέροις ἀνδράσιν, ἐπειδὰν ἐξ αὐτῶν ἀνέλωνται δύο ἢ τρία τέκνα, καθάπερ καὶ Κάτων Ὁρτησίῳ δεηθέντι ἐξέδωκε τὴν Μαρκίαν ἐφʼ ἡμῶν κατὰ παλαιὸν Ῥωμαίων ἔθος.
They relate concerning the Tapyri that it is their custom to give their wedded wives to other men, after they have had two three children by them, just as in our time Cato gave Marcia to Hortensius at his request, in accordance with an ancient Roman custom.
§11.9.2νεωτερισθέντων δὲ τῶν ἔξω τοῦ Ταύρου διὰ τὸ πρὸς ἄλλοις εἶναι τοὺς τῆς Συρίας καὶ τῆς Μηδίας βασιλέας τοὺς ἔχοντας καὶ ταῦτα, πρῶτον μὲν τὴν Βακτριανὴν ἀπέστησαν οἱ πεπιστευμένοι καὶ τὴν ἐγγὺς αὐτῆς πᾶσαν, οἱ περὶ Εὐθύδημον.
When revolutions took place in the regions outside the Taurus, because the kings of Syria and Media, who also held these lands, were occupied with other matters, first of all those who had been entrusted with Bactria and all the country near it, namely Euthydemus and his followers, caused it to revolt.
ἔπειτʼ Ἀρσάκης ἀνὴρ Σκύθης τῶν Δαῶν τινας ἔχων τοὺς Πάρνους καλουμένους νομάδας παροικοῦντας τὸν Ὦχον, ἐπῆλθεν ἐπὶ τὴν Παρθυαίαν καὶ ἐκράτησεν αὐτῆς.
Then Arsaces, a Scythian man, having some of the Dahae who are called Parni, nomads dwelling along the Ochus, invaded Parthyaea and conquered it.
κατʼ ἀρχὰς μὲν οὖν ἀσθενὴς ἦν διαπολεμῶν πρὸς τοὺς ἀφαιρεθέντας τὴν χώραν καὶ αὐτὸς καὶ οἱ διαδεξάμενοι ἐκεῖνον, ἔπειθʼ οὕτως ἴσχυσαν ἀφαιρούμενοι τὴν πλησίον ἀεὶ διὰ τὰς ἐν τοῖς πολέμοις κατορθώσεις ὥστε τελευτῶντες ἁπάσης τῆς ἐντὸς Εὐφράτου κύριοι κατέστησαν.
At first, indeed, he was weak, carrying on constant war against those who had been deprived of their land, both he himself and his successors; but afterwards they grew so strong, always taking away the neighboring land because of their successes in wars, that in the end they became masters of all the country this side of the Euphrates.
ἀφείλοντο δὲ καὶ τῆς Βακτριανῆς μέρος βιασάμενοι τοὺς Σκύθας καὶ ἔτι πρότερον τοὺς περὶ Εὐκρατίδαν, καὶ νῦν ἐπάρχουσι τοσαύτης γῆς καὶ τοσούτων ἐθνῶν ὥστε ἀντίπαλοι τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις τρόπον τινὰ γεγόνασι κατὰ μέγεθος τῆς ἀρχῆς.
They also took away a part of Bactria, having overpowered the Scythians, and even earlier those around Eucratides; and now they rule over so much land and so many nations that they have become, in a way, rivals to the Romans in the greatness of their empire.
αἴτιος δʼ ὁ βίος αὐτῶν καὶ τὰ ἔθη τὰ ἔχοντα πολὺ μὲν τὸ βάρβαρον καὶ τὸ Σκυθικόν, πλέον μέντοι τὸ χρήσιμον πρὸς ἡγεμονίαν καὶ τὴν ἐν τοῖς πολέμοις κατόρθωσιν.
The cause of this is their mode of life and their customs, which contain much of the barbarian and Scythian element, but still more of what is useful for leadership and success in wars.
§11.9.3φασὶ δὲ τοὺς Πάρνους Δάας μετανάστας εἶναι ἐκ τῶν ὑπὲρ τῆς Μαιώτιδος Δαῶν, οὓς Ξανδίους ἢ Παρίους καλοῦσιν· οὐ πάνυ δʼ ὡμολόγηται Δάας εἶναί τινας τῶν ὑπὲρ τῆς Μαιώτιδος Σκυθῶν·
And they say that the Parni Dahae are emigrants from the Dahae who live beyond the Maeotis, whom they call Xandii or Parii; but it is not at all agreed that there are any Dahae among the Scythians beyond the Maeotis.
ἀπὸ τούτων δʼ οὖν ἕλκειν φασὶ τὸ γένος τὸν Ἀρσάκην, οἱ δὲ Βακτριανὸν λέγουσιν αὐτόν, φεύγοντα δὲ τὴν αὔξησιν τῶν περὶ Διόδοτον ἀποστῆσαι τὴν Παρθυαίαν.
At any rate, they say that Arsaces drew his descent from these, but others say that he was a Bactrian, and that fleeing the growing power of Diodotus and his followers, he caused Parthyaea to revolt.
εἰρηκότες δὲ πολλὰ περὶ τῶν Παρθικῶν νομίμων ἐν τῇ ἕκτῃ τῶν ἱστορικῶν ὑπομνημάτων βίβλῳ, δευτέρᾳ δὲ τῶν μετὰ Πολύβιον, παραλείψομεν ἐνταῦθα μὴ ταυτολογεῖν δόξωμεν, τοσοῦτον εἰπόντες μόνον ὅτι τῶν Παρθυαίων συνέδριόν φησιν εἶναι Ποσειδώνιος διττόν, τὸ μὲν συγγενῶν τὸ δὲ σοφῶν καὶ μάγων, ἐξ ὧν ἀμφοῖν τοὺς βασιλεῖς καθίστασθαι.
Having said much about the Parthian customs in the sixth book of our Historical Sketches, and in the second book of our history after Polybius, we shall omit them here lest we seem to repeat ourselves, saying only this much, that Poseidonius says the council of the Parthians is twofold, one consisting of kinsmen, and the other of wise men and Magi, from both of whom the kings are appointed.