§11.2.1οὕτω δὲ διακειμένων τὸ πρῶτον μέρος οἰκοῦσιν ἐκ μὲν τῶν πρὸς ἄρκτον μερῶν καὶ τὸν Ὠκεανὸν Σκυθῶν τινὲς νομάδες καὶ ἁμάξοικοι, ἐνδοτέρω δὲ τούτων Σαρμάται, καὶ οὗτοι Σκύθαι, Ἄορσοι καὶ Σιρακοὶ μέχρι τῶν Καυκασίων ὀρῶν ἐπὶ μεσημβρίαν τείνοντες, οἱ μὲν νομάδες οἱ δὲ καὶ σκηνῖται καὶ γεωργοί, περὶ δὲ τὴν λίμνην Μαιῶται·
While these parts are thus situated, the first part is inhabited, on the northern side and towards the Ocean, by certain nomadic Scythians and wagon-dwellers, and further inland than these by the Sarmatians, who are also Scythians, and by the Aorsi and Siraci, extending southward as far as the Caucasian mountains, some being nomads and others tent-dwellers and farmers; and around the lake live the Maeotae.
πρὸς δὲ τῇ θαλάττῃ τοῦ Βοσπόρου τὰ κατὰ τὴν Ἀσίαν ἐστὶ καὶ ἡ Σινδική· μετὰ δὲ ταύτην Ἀχαιοὶ καὶ Ζυγοὶ καὶ Ἡνίοχοι Κερκέται τε καὶ Μακροπώγωνες.
On the sea near the Bosporus are the parts belonging to Asia, and the Sindic region; and after this come the Achaeans, Zygi, Heniochi, Cercetae, and Macropogones.
ὑπέρκειται δὲ τούτων καὶ τὰ τῶν Φθειροφάγων στενά· μετὰ δὲ τοὺς Ἡνιόχους ἡ Κολχὶς ὑπὸ τοῖς Καυκασίοις ὄρεσι κειμένη καὶ τοῖς Μοσχικοῖς.
Above these lie the narrows of the Phtheirophages; and after the Heniochi is Colchis, situated under the Caucasian and the Moschian mountains.
ἐπεὶ δʼ ὅριον ὑπόκειται τῆς Εὐρώπης καὶ τῆς Ἀσίας ὁ Τάναϊς ποταμός, ἐντεῦθεν ἀρξάμενοι τὰ καθʼ ἕκαστα ὑπογράψομεν.
Since the river Tanais is assumed as the boundary between Europe and Asia, we shall begin from here and describe the details of each part.
§11.2.2φέρεται μὲν οὖν ἀπὸ τῶν ἀρκτικῶν μερῶν, οὐ μὴν ὡς ἂν κατὰ διάμετρον ἀντίρρους τῷ Νείλῳ, καθάπερ νομίζουσιν οἱ πολλοί, ἀλλὰ ἑωθινώτερος ἐκείνου, παραπλησίως ἐκείνῳ τὰς ἀρχὰς ἀδήλους ἔχων·
Now the Tanais flows from the northern parts, not indeed running in a diametrically opposite direction to the Nile, as many think, but more to the east of it, having, like that river, its sources unknown.
ἀλλὰ τοῦ μὲν πολὺ τὸ φανερὸν χώραν διεξιόντος πᾶσαν εὐεπίμικτον καὶ μακροὺς ἀνάπλους ἔχοντος, τοῦ δὲ Τανάιδος τὰς μὲν ἐκβολὰς ἴσμεν (δύο δʼ εἰσὶν εἰς τὰ ἀρκτικώτατα μέρη τῆς Μαιώτιδος ἑξήκοντα σταδίους ἀλλήλων διέχουσαι), τοῦ δʼ ὑπὲρ τῶν ἐκβολῶν ὀλίγον τὸ γνώριμόν ἐστι διὰ τὰ ψύχη καὶ τὰς ἀπορίας τῆς χώρας, ἃς οἱ μὲν αὐτόχθονες δύνανται φέρειν σαρξὶ καὶ γάλακτι τρεφόμενοι νομαδικῶς, οἱ δʼ ἀλλοεθνεῖς οὐχ ὑπομένουσιν.
But while the Nile has a large portion of its course visible and running through an easily accessible country, with long voyages up it, of the Tanais we know only the outlets (which are two, emptying into the northernmost parts of Lake Maeotis, sixty stadia distant from one another); but of the region above the outlets only a small part is known, on account of the cold and the poverty of the country, which the natives indeed can endure, living nomadically on meat and milk, but foreigners cannot bear.
ἄλλως τε οἱ νομάδες δυσεπίμικτοι τοῖς ἄλλοις ὄντες καὶ πλήθει καὶ βίᾳ διαφέροντες ἀποκεκλείκασιν εἰ καί τι πορεύσιμον τῆς χώρας ἐστὶν ἢ εἴ τινας τετύχηκεν ἀνάπλους ἔχων ὁ ποταμός.
Besides, the nomads, being difficult to associate with and superior in numbers and force, have blocked off whatever parts of the country are passable, or whatever voyages up the river it happens to afford.
ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς αἰτίας ταύτης οἱ μὲν ὑπέλαβον τὰς πηγὰς ἔχειν αὐτὸν ἐν τοῖς Καυκασίοις ὄρεσι, πολὺν δʼ ἐνεχθέντα ἐπὶ τὰς ἄρκτους εἶτʼ ἀναστρέψαντα ἐκβάλλειν εἰς τὴν Μαιῶτιν (τούτοις δὲ ὁμοδοξεῖ καὶ Θεοφάνης ὁ Μιτυληναῖος), οἱ δʼ ἀπὸ τῶν ἄνω μερῶν τοῦ Ἴστρου φέρεσθαι·
For this reason, some have supposed that it has its sources in the Caucasian mountains, and after flowing a long distance towards the north, then turns and empties into Lake Maeotis (and with these Theophanes of Mitylene agrees); while others say it flows from the upper parts of the Ister.
σημεῖον δὲ φέρουσιν οὐδὲν τῆς πόρρωθεν οὕτω ῥύσεως καὶ ἀπʼ ἄλλων κλιμάτων, ὥσπερ οὐ δυνατὸν ὂν καὶ ἐγγύθεν καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ἄρκτων.
But they bring forward no proof of its flowing from such a distance and from other climates, as if it were not possible for it to flow both from near at hand and from the north.
§11.2.3ἐπὶ δὲ τῷ ποταμῷ καὶ τῇ λίμνῃ πόλις ὁμώνυμος οἰκεῖται Τάναϊς, κτίσμα τῶν τὸν Βόσπορον ἐχόντων Ἑλλήνων.
On the river and the lake is situated a city of the same name, Tanais, a foundation of the Greeks who held the Bosporus.
νεωστὶ μὲν οὖν ἐξεπόρθησεν αὐτὴν Πολέμων ὁ βασιλεὺς ἀπειθοῦσαν, ἦν δʼ ἐμπόριον κοινὸν τῶν τε Ἀσιανῶν καὶ τῶν Εὐρωπαίων νομάδων καὶ τῶν ἐκ τοῦ Βοσπόρου τὴν λίμνην πλεόντων, τῶν μὲν ἀνδράποδα ἀγόντων καὶ δέρματα καὶ εἴ τι ἄλλο τῶν νομαδικῶν, τῶν δʼ ἐσθῆτα καὶ οἶνον καὶ τἆλλα ὅσα τῆς ἡμέρου διαίτης οἰκεῖα ἀντιφορτιζομένων.
Recently, indeed, King Polemon devastated it because it was disobedient; but it was a common emporium both of the Asiatic and the European nomads, and of those who sailed the lake from the Bosporus, the former bringing slaves, hides, and whatever other nomadic products, and the latter bringing in return clothing, wine, and all other things belonging to civilized life.
πρόκειται δʼ ἐν ἑκατὸν σταδίοις τοῦ ἐμπορίου νῆσος Ἀλωπεκία, κατοικία μιγάδων ἀνθρώπων· ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἄλλα νησίδια πλησίον ἐν τῇ λίμνῃ.
In front of the emporium, at a distance of one hundred stadia, lies the island of Alopecia, a settlement of mixed people; and there are also other small islands nearby in the lake.
διέχει δὲ τοῦ στόματος τῆς Μαιώτιδος εὐθυπλοοῦσιν ἐπὶ τὰ βόρεια δισχιλίους καὶ διακοσίους σταδίους ὁ Τάναϊς, οὐ πολὺ δὲ πλείους εἰσὶ παραλεγομένῳ τὴν γῆν.
The Tanais is distant from the mouth of Lake Maeotis, for those sailing straight to the north, twenty-two hundred stadia, and not much more for those sailing along the coast.
§11.2.4ἐν δὲ τῷ παράπλῳ τῷ παρὰ γῆν πρῶτον μέν ἐστιν ἀπὸ τοῦ Τανάιδος προϊοῦσιν ἐν ὀκτακοσίοις σταδίοις ὁ μέγας καλούμενος Ῥομβίτης, ἐν ᾧ τὰ πλεῖστα ἁλιεύματα τῶν εἰς ταριχείας ἰχθύων· ἔπειτα ἐν ἄλλοις ὀκτακοσίοις ὁ ἐλάττων Ῥομβίτης ἄκρα ἔχουσα καὶ αὐτὴ ἁλιείας ἐλάττους· ἔχουσι δὲ οἱ μὲν πρότερον νησία ὁρμητήρια, οἱ δʼ ἐν τῷ μικρῷ Ῥομβίτῃ αὐτοί εἰσιν οἱ Μαιῶται ἐργαζόμενοι·
In the coastal voyage, first as one goes from the Tanais, at a distance of eight hundred stadia, is the so-called Great Rhombites, in which is the greatest catch of fish for curing; then, at another eight hundred stadia, is the Lesser Rhombites, which itself has a cape and smaller fisheries; the former have islands as bases, while in the Lesser Rhombites the Maeotae themselves are the workers.
οἰκοῦσι γὰρ ἐν τῷ παράπλῳ τούτω παντὶ οἱ Μαιῶται, γεωργοὶ μὲν οὐχ ἧττον δὲ τῶν νομάδων πολεμισταί.
For the Maeotae inhabit this entire coastal route, being farmers, but no less warriors than the nomads.
διῄρηνται δὲ εἰς ἔθνη πλείω τὰ μὲν πλησίον τοῦ Τανάιδος ἀγριώτερα, τὰ δὲ συνάπτοντα τῷ Βοσπόρῳ χειροήθη μᾶλλον.
They are divided into several tribes, those near the Tanais being wilder, and those bordering on the Bosporus being more tractable.
ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ μικροῦ Ῥομβίτου στάδιοί εἰσιν ἑξακόσιοι ἐπὶ Τυράμβην καὶ τὸν Ἀντικείτην ποταμόν· εἶθʼ ἑκατὸν καὶ εἴκοσιν ἐπὶ τὴν κώμην τὴν Κιμμερικήν, ἥτις ἐστὶν ἀφετήριον τοῖς τὴν λίμνην πλέουσιν· ἐν δὲ τῷ παράπλῳ τούτῳ καὶ σκοπαί τινες λέγονται Κλαζομενίων.
From the Lesser Rhombites it is six hundred stadia to Tyrambe and the river Anticeites; then one hundred and twenty to the Cimmerian village, which is a starting point for those who sail the lake; and in this coastal voyage some watchtowers of the Clazomenians are also said to exist.