§10.2.10Κεφαλλῆνας δὲ νῦν μὲν τοὺς ἐκ τῆς νήσου τῆς Κεφαλληνίας λέγουσιν, Ὅμηρος δὲ πάντας τοὺς ὑπὸ τῷ Ὀδυσσεῖ, ὧν εἰσι καὶ οἱ Ἀκαρνᾶνες· εἰπὼν γάρ
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αὐτὰρ Ὀδυσσεὺς ἦγε Κεφαλλῆνας,
οἵ ῥʼ Ἰθάκην εἶχον καὶ Νήριτον εἰνοσίφυλλον
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(τὸ ἐν ταύτῃ ὄρος ἐπιφανές, ὡς καί
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οἳ δʼ ἐκ Δουλιχίοιο Ἐχινάων θʼ ἱεράων
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καὶ αὐτοῦ τοῦ Δουλιχίου τῶν Ἐχινάδων ὄντος· καί
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οἳ δʼ ἄρα Βουπράσιόν τε καὶ Ἤλιδα
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καὶ τοῦ Βουπρασίου ἐν Ἤλιδι ὄντος· "
οἳ δʼ Εὔβοιαν ἔχον καὶ Χαλκίδα τʼ Εἰρέτριάν τε
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καὶ τούτων ἐν Εὐβοίᾳ οὐσῶν· καί
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Τρῶες καὶ Λύκιοι καὶ Δάρδανοι
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ὡς καὶ ἐκείνων Τρώων ὄντων)· πλὴν μετά γε Νήριτον φησί
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καὶ Κροκύλειʼ ἐνέμοντο καὶ Αἰγίλιπα τρηχεῖαν,
οἵ τε Ζάκυνθον ἔχον ἠδʼ οἳ Σάμον ἀμφενέμοντο,
οἵ τʼ ἤπειρον ἔχον ἠδʼ ἀντιπέραιʼ ἐνέμοντο. "
ἤπειρον μὲν οὖν τὰ ἀντιπέρα τῶν νήσων βούλεται λέγειν, ἅμα τῇ Λευκάδι καὶ τὴν ἄλλην Ἀκαρνανίαν συμπεριλαβεῖν βουλόμενος, περὶ ἧς καὶ οὕτω λέγει
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δώδεκʼ ἐν ἠπείρῳ ἀγέλαι, τόσα πώεα μήλων,
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τάχα τῆς Ἠπειρώτιδος τὸ παλαιὸν μέχρι δεῦρο διατεινούσης καὶ ὀνόματι κοινῷ ἠπείρου λεγομένης· Σάμον δὲ τὴν νῦν Κεφαλληνίαν, ὡς καὶ ὅταν φῇ
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ἐν πορθμῷ Ἰθάκης τε Σάμοιό τε παιπαλοέσσης. "
τῷ γὰρ ἐπιθέτῳ τὴν ὁμωνυμίαν διέσταλται, ὡς οὐκ ἐπὶ τῆς πόλεως ἀλλʼ ἐπὶ τῆς νήσου τιθεὶς τοὔνομα.
Now they call "Cephallenians" those from the island of Cephallenia, but Homer so calls all those under Odysseus, among whom are also the Acarnanians; for having said, "But Odysseus led the Cephallenians, who held Ithaca and Neritus with quivering foliage" (meaning the prominent mountain in this island, just as also in "And those from Dulichium and the sacred Echinades," although Dulichium itself is one of the Echinades; and "And those who held Buprasium and Elis," although Buprasium is in Elis; and "And those who held Euboea and Chalcis and Eretria," although these are in Euboea; and "Trojans and Lycians and Dardanians," since those others also were Trojans); except that, at any rate, after Neritus he says, "And they inhabited Crocyleia and rugged Aegilips, and those who held Zacynthus and those who inhabited Samos, and those who held the mainland and inhabited the opposite coast." By "mainland," then, he wishes to mean the coast opposite the islands, wishing to include with Leucas the rest of Acarnania as well, concerning which he also speaks thus: "Twelve herds on the mainland, as many flocks of sheep," perhaps because in ancient times Epirus extended as far as this place and was called by the common name of "mainland"; and by "Samos" he means the present Cephallenia, as also when he says, "In the strait between Ithaca and rugged Samos." For by the epithet he distinguished the homonymy, as applying the name not to the city but to the island.
τετραπόλεως γὰρ οὔσης τῆς νήσου μία τῶν τεττάρων ἐστὶν ἡ καὶ Σάμος καὶ Σάμη καλουμένη καθʼ ἑκάτερον τοὔνομα, ὁμωνυμοῦσα τῇ νήσῳ.
For although the island has four cities, one of the four is called both Samos and Same by either name, sharing its name with the island.
ὅταν δʼ εἴπῃ
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ὅσσοι γὰρ νήσοισιν ἐπικρατέουσιν ἄριστοι
Δουλιχίῳ τε Σάμῃ τε καὶ ὑλήεντι Ζακύνθῳ,
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τῶν νήσων ἀριθμὸν ποιῶν δῆλός ἐστι καὶ Σάμην καλῶν τὴν νῆσον, ἣν πρότερον Σάμον ἐκάλεσεν.
But when he says, "For as many of the nobles as rule over the islands, Dulichium and Same and wooded Zacynthus," he is clearly making an enumeration of the islands and calling the island Same which he previously called Samos.
Ἀπολλόδωρος δὲ τοτὲ μὲν τῷ ἐπιθέτῳ λέγων διεστάλθαι τὴν ἀμφιβολίαν εἰπόντα
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Σάμοιό τε παιπαλοέσσης,
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ὡς τὴν νῆσον λέγοντα, τοτὲ δὲ γράφεσθαι δεῖν
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Δουλιχίῳ τε Σάμῳ τε
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ἀλλὰ μή
Σάμῃ τε
δῆλός ἐστι τὴν μὲν πόλιν Σάμην καὶ Σάμον συνωνύμως ὑπολαμβάνων ἐκφέρεσθαι, τὴν δὲ νῆσον Σάμον μόνον·
Apollodorus, however, — at one time saying that the ambiguity was distinguished by the epithet when he said "and of rugged Samos," as meaning the island, and at another time saying that we should write "Dulichium and Samos" but not "and Same" — is clearly assuming that the city is expressed synonymously as both Same and Samos, but the island as Samos only.
ὅτι γὰρ Σάμη λέγεται ἡ πόλις δῆλον εἶναι ἔκ τε τοῦ διαριθμούμενον τοὺς ἐξ ἑκάστης πόλεως μνηστῆρας φάναι
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ἐκ δὲ Σάμης πίσυρές τε καὶ εἴκοσι φῶτες ἔασι,
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καὶ ἐκ τοῦ περὶ τῆς Κτιμένης λόγου
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τὴν μὲν ἔπειτα Σάμηνδʼ ἔδοσαν. "
ἔχει δὲ ταῦτα λόγον.
For that the city is called Same is clear both from his saying, when enumerating the suitors from each city, "and from Same there are four and twenty men," and from the account concerning Ctimene, "her indeed they then gave to Same." These arguments have good reason.
οὐ γὰρ εὐκρινῶς ἀποδίδωσιν ὁ ποιητὴς οὔτε περὶ τῆς Κεφαλληνίας οὔτε περὶ τῆς Ἰθάκης καὶ τῶν ἄλλων πλησίον τόπων, ὥστε καὶ οἱ ἐξηγούμενοι διαφέρονται καὶ οἱ ἱστοροῦντες.
For the poet does not present a clear account either about Cephallenia or about Ithaca and the other nearby places, so that both the commentators and the historians differ.
§10.2.11αὐτίκα γὰρ ἐπὶ τῆς Ἰθάκης ὅταν φῇ
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οἵ ῥʼ Ἰθάκην εἶχον καὶ Νήριτον εἰνοσίφυλλον,
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ὅτι μὲν τὸ Νήριτον ὄρος λέγει τῷ ἐπιθέτῳ δηλοῖ.
For instance, in the case of Ithaca, when he says, "who held Ithaca and Neritus with quivering foliage," he shows by the epithet that he means Neritus as a mountain.
ἐν ἄλλοις δὲ καὶ ῥητῶς ὄρος
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ναιετάω δʼ Ἰθάκην εὐδείελον· ἐν δʼ ὄρος αὐτῇ,
Νήριτον εἰνοσίφυλλον ἀριπρεπές. "
Ἰθάκην δʼ εἴτε τὴν πόλιν εἴτε τὴν νῆσον λέγει, οὐ δῆλον ἐν τούτῳ γε τῷ ἔπει
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οἵ ῥʼ Ἰθάκην εἶχον καὶ Νήριτον. "
κυρίως μὲν γὰρ ἀκούων τις τὴν πόλιν δέξαιτʼ ἄν, ὡς καὶ Ἀθήνας καὶ Λυκαβηττὸν εἴ τις λέγοι, καὶ Ῥόδον καὶ Ἀτάβυριν, καὶ ἔτι Λακεδαίμονα καὶ Ταΰγετον· ποιητικῶς δὲ τοὐναντίον.
And in other places he explicitly calls it a mountain: "I dwell in clear-seen Ithaca; and in it is a mountain, Neritus with quivering foliage, far-seen." But whether he means the city or the island by "Ithaca" is not clear, at least in this verse: "who held Ithaca and Neritus." For taking it in its strict sense, one would understand the city, just as if one were to say "Athens and Lycabettus," "Rhodes and Atabyris," and also "Lacedaemon and Taygetus"; but poetically, on the contrary, the island.
ἐν μέντοι τῷ
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ναιετάω δʼ Ἰθάκην εὐδείελον· ἐν δʼ ὄρος αὐτῇ
Νήριτον
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· ἐν γὰρ τῇ νήσῳ οὐκ ἐν τῇ πόλει τὸ ὄρος.
However, in the passage, "I dwell in clear-seen Ithaca, and in it is the mountain Neritus," it is the island; for the mountain is in the island, not in the city.
ὅταν δὲ οὕτω φῇ
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ἡμεῖς ἐξ Ἰθάκης ὑπὸ Νηίου εἰλήλουθμεν,
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ἄδηλον, εἴτε τὸ αὐτὸ τῷ Νηρίτῳ λέγει τὸ Νήιον εἴτε ἕτερον ἢ ὄρος ἢ χωρίον.
And when he says, "We have come from Ithaca from under Neion," it is unclear whether by "Neion" he means the same as Neritus, or another mountain or place.