§1.3.9̔η μὲν οὖν ἔφοδος τοῦ κύματος ἔχει τινὰ βίαν ὥστʼ ἀπωθεῖσθαι τὸ ἀλλότριον.
Therefore, the onset of the wave has a certain force so as to push away foreign matter.
καὶ δὴ καὶ κάθαρσίν τινα τῆς θαλάττης ταύτην φασί, καθʼ ἣν καὶ τὰ νεκρὰ σώματα καὶ τὰ ναυάγια εἰς γῆν ἐκκυμαίνεται.
And indeed they call this a certain cleansing of the sea, in accordance with which both dead bodies and wrecks are washed ashore by the waves.
ἡ δʼ ἀναχώρησις οὐκ ἔχει τοσαύτην βίαν ὥστε νεκρὸν ἢ ξύλον ἢ τὸ κουφότατον, φελλόν, ὑπὸ τοῦ κύματος εἰς γῆν ἀναβληθῆναι, οὕτω δὲ καὶ τῶν πλησίον αὐτῆς τόπων εἰς τὸ πέλαγος προπεσεῖν ὑποληφθέντων ὑπὸ τοῦ κύματος.
But the retreat has not so much force; consequently, while a corpse or a piece of wood or even that lightest of things, cork, when once cast up on the land by the wave, remains there, so also the silt from the places near the sea, when once conceived of as having fallen forward into the sea, is kept back by the wave.
οὕτω δὴ καὶ τὴν χοῦν καὶ τὸ σὺν αὐτῇ τεθολωμένον ὕδωρ ἐκκυμαίνεσθαι συμβαίνει, καὶ τοῦ βάρους ἅμα συνεργοῦντος ὥστε θᾶττον κατενεχθῆναι πρὸς τὴν γῆν κάτω, πρὶν εἰς τὸ πρόσω πελαγίσαι.
Thus, indeed, it happens that both the silt and the water muddied with it are washed out by the waves, their weight cooperating at the same time so that they are carried down more quickly toward the land below, before they can advance far out into the open sea.
καὶ γὰρ ἡ τοῦ ποταμοῦ βία παύεται μικρὸν προελθοῦσα τοῦ στόματος.
For indeed the force of the river ceases after advancing a short distance from its mouth.
οὕτω μὲν οὖν ἐνδέχεται προσχωσθῆναι τὸ πέλαγος πᾶν, ἀπὸ τῶν αἰγιαλῶν ἀρξάμενον, ἂν συνεχεῖς ἔχῃ τὰς ἐκ τῶν ποταμῶν ἐπιρρύσεις.
In this way, therefore, it is possible for the whole open sea to be silted up, beginning from the shores, if it has continuous inflows from the rivers.
τοῦτο δʼ ἂν συμβαίη, κἂν τοῦ Σαρδονίου πελάγους βαθύτερον ὑποθώμεθα τὸν Πόντον, ὅπερ λέγεται τῶν ἀναμετρηθέντων βαθύτατον χιλίων που ὀργυιῶν, ὡς Ποσειδώνιός φησι.
And this would happen, even if we assume the Pontus to be deeper than the Sardinian Sea, which is said to be the deepest of those that have been measured, being about a thousand fathoms, as Posidonius says.
§1.3.10τὴν μὲν οὖν τοιαύτην αἰτιολογίαν ἧττον ἄν τις ἀποδέξαιτο· μᾶλλον δʼ ἀπὸ τῶν φανερωτέρων καὶ τῶν καθʼ ἡμέραν τρόπον τινὰ ὁρωμένων ἀναπτέον τὸν λόγον· καὶ γὰρ κατακλυσμοὶ καὶ σεισμοὶ καὶ ἀναφυσήματα καὶ ἀνοιδήσεις τῆς ὑφάλου γῆς μετεωρίζουσι καὶ τὴν θάλατταν, αἱ δὲ συνιζήσεις ταπεινοῦσιν αὐτήν· οὐ γὰρ μύδροι μὲν ἀνενεχθῆναι δύνανται καὶ μικραὶ νῆσοι, μεγάλαι δʼ οὔ·
Now, one would be less inclined to accept such an explanation; rather, we must hang our argument on more manifest facts and those that are in a way seen every day; for floods, earthquakes, eruptions, and swellings of the submarine land elevate the sea as well, whereas subsidences lower it; for it is not the case that volcanic masses and small islands can be raised up, but large ones cannot; nor that islands can, but continents cannot.
οὐδὲ νῆσοι μέν, ἤπειροι δʼ οὔ. ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ συνιζήσεις καὶ μικραὶ καὶ μεγάλαι γένοιντʼ ἄν, εἴπερ καὶ χάσματα καὶ καταπόσεις χωρίων καὶ κατοικιῶν, ὡς ἐπὶ Βούρας τε καὶ Βιζώνης καὶ ἄλλων πλειόνων, ὑπὸ σεισμοῦ γενέσθαι φασί· καὶ τὴν Σικελίαν οὐδέν τι μᾶλλον ἀπορρῶγα τῆς Ἰταλίας εἰκάζοι τίς ἂν ἢ ἀναβληθεῖσαν ὑπὸ τοῦ Αἰτναίου πυρὸς ἐκ βυθοῦ συμμεῖναι· ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ τὰς Λιπαραίων νήσους καὶ Πιθηκούσσας.
Likewise, subsidences both small and great could occur, if indeed chasms and the swallowing up of districts and settlements, as in the case of Bura, Bizone, and many other places, are said to have been caused by earthquakes; and one would no more conjecture Sicily to be a fragment torn off from Italy than to have been cast up from the deep by the fire of Aetna and to remain there; and likewise also the Liparaean islands and Pithecussae.
§1.3.11̔ο δʼ οὕτως ἡδύς ἐστιν ὥστε καὶ μαθηματικὸς ὢν οὐδὲ τὴν Ἀρχιμήδους βεβαιοῖ δόξαν, ὅτι φησὶν ἐκεῖνος ἐν τοῖς περὶ τῶν ὀχουμένων, παντὸς ὑγροῦ καθεστηκότος καὶ μένοντος τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν σφαιρικὴν εἶναι, σφαίρας ταὐτὸ κέντρον ἐχούσης τῇ γῇ· ταύτην γὰρ τὴν δόξαν ἀποδέχονται πάντες οἱ μαθημάτων πως ἁψάμενοι.
But he is so simple-minded that, although he is a mathematician, he does not even confirm the opinion of Archimedes, which that man states in his work "On Floating Bodies," namely that the surface of every fluid at rest and remaining still is spherical, having the same center as the earth; for this opinion is accepted by all who have in any way touched upon mathematics.
ἐκεῖνος δὲ τὴν ἐντὸς θάλατταν, καίπερ μίαν οὖσαν, ὥς φησιν, οὐ νομίζει ὑπὸ μίαν ἐπιφάνειαν τετάχθαι, ἀλλʼ οὐδὲ τοῖς σύνεγγυς τόποις.
But he does not believe that the inner sea, although being one, as he says, is arranged under a single surface, nor even in places that are close to each other.
καὶ μάρτυράς γε τῆς τοιαύτης ἀμαθίας ἀρχιτέκτονας ἄνδρας ποιεῖται, καὶ τῶν μαθηματικῶν καὶ τὴν ἀρχιτεκτονικὴν μέρος τῆς μαθηματικῆς ἀποφηναμένων.
And he indeed makes engineers witnesses of such ignorance, even though mathematicians have declared architecture also to be a part of mathematics.
φησὶ γὰρ καὶ Δημήτριον διακόπτειν ἐπιχειρῆσαι τὸν τῶν Πελοποννησίων ἰσθμὸν πρὸς τὸ παρασχεῖν διάπλουν τοῖς στόλοις, κωλυθῆναι δʼ ὑπὸ τῶν ἀρχιτεκτόνων ἀναμετρησάντων καὶ ἀπαγγειλάντων μετεωροτέραν τὴν ἐν τῷ Κορινθιακῷ κόλπῳ θάλατταν τῆς κατὰ Κεγχρεὰς εἶναι, ὥστε, εἰ διακόψειε τὸ μεταξὺ χωρίον, ἐπικλυσθῆναι ἂν ἅπαντα τὸν περὶ Αἴγιναν πόρον καὶ αὐτὴν Αἴγιναν καὶ τὰς πλησίον νήσους, καὶ μηδὲ τὸν διάπλουν ἂν γενέσθαι χρήσιμον.
For he says that Demetrius also attempted to cut through the Isthmus of the Peloponnesians in order to provide a passage for his fleets, but was prevented by the engineers who had measured the levels and reported that the sea in the Corinthian Gulf was higher than that near Cenchreae; so that, if he should cut through the intervening land, the whole channel around Aegina, Aegina itself, and the neighboring islands would be inundated, and not even the passage would be useful.
διὰ δὲ τοῦτο καὶ τοὺς εὐρίπους ῥοώδεις εἶναι, μάλιστα δὲ τὸν κατὰ Σικελίαν πορθμόν, ὅν φησιν ὁμοιοπαθεῖν ταῖς κατὰ τὸν ὠκεανὸν πλημμυρίσι τε καὶ ἀμπώτεσι· δὶς γὰρ μεταβάλλειν τὸν ῥοῦν ἑκάστης ἡμέρας καὶ νυκτός, καθάπερ τὸν ὠκεανὸν δὶς μὲν πλημμυρεῖν δὶς δὲ ἀναχωρεῖν.
And because of this, he says, the straits also have currents, especially the strait near Sicily, which he says experiences the same phenomena as the floods and ebbs in the ocean; for the current changes twice each day and night, just as the ocean floods twice and retreats twice.
τῇ μὲν οὖν πλημμυρίδι ὁμολογεῖν τὸν ἐκ τοῦ Τυρρηνικοῦ πελάγους εἰς τὸ Σικελικὸν καταφερόμενον ὡς ἂν ἐκ μετεωροτέρας ἐπιφανείας, ὃν δὴ καὶ κατιόντα ὀνομάζεσθαι, ὁμολογεῖν δʼ ὅτι καὶ κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν καιρὸν ἄρχεταί τε καὶ παύεται καθʼ ὃν αἱ πλημμυρίδες· ἄρχεται μὲν γὰρ περὶ τὴν ἀνατολὴν τῆς σελήνης καὶ τὴν δύσιν, λήγει δʼ ὅταν συνάπτῃ τῇ μεσουρανήσει ἑκατέρᾳ, τῇ τε ὑπὲρ γῆς καὶ τῇ ὑπὸ γῆς· τῇ δὲ ἀμπώτει τὸν ἐναντίον, ὃν ἐξιόντα καλεῖσθαι, ταῖς μεσουρανήσεσι τῆς σελήνης ἀμφοτέραις ἐναρχόμενον, καθάπερ αἱ ἀμπώτεις, ταῖς δὲ συνάψεσι ταῖς πρὸς τὰς ἀνατολὰς καὶ δύσεις παυόμενον.
Therefore, the current that is carried down from the Tyrrhenian Sea into the Sicilian Sea, as though from a higher surface, which indeed is called the "descending" current, corresponds to the flood tide; and he agrees that it also begins and ceases at the same time as the flood tides; for it begins about the rising of the moon and its setting, and ends when it reaches either meridian, both the one above the earth and the one below the earth; while the opposite current, which is called the "outgoing" current, corresponds to the ebb, beginning at both meridians of the moon, just as the ebbs do, and ceasing at its approaches to rising and setting.