§1.3.5πρὸς δὲ τὸν Στράτωνα λέγοιτʼ ἄν, ὅτι πολλῶν αἰτίων ὄντων ἀφεὶς ταῦτα τὰ μὴ ὄντα αἰτιᾶται.
But against Strato it might be said that, although there are many causes, he dismisses these and adduces those which do not exist.
πρώτην γὰρ αἰτίαν φησίν, ὅτι τῆς ἐντὸς θαλάττης καὶ τῆς ἐκτὸς οὐ ταὐτὸν τὸ ἔδαφος καὶ ὁ βυθός.
For he says as the first cause that the bed and the depth of the inner and outer sea are not the same.
πρὸς γὰρ τὸ μετεωρίζεσθαι ταύτην καὶ ταπεινοῦσθαι καὶ ἐπικλύζειν τόπους τινὰς καὶ ἀναχωρεῖν ἀπʼ αὐτῶν οὐ τοῦτό ἐστιν αἴτιον ἄλλα καὶ ἄλλα ἐδάφη τὰ μὲν ταπεινότερα εἶναι τὰ δὲ ὑψηλότερα, ἀλλὰ τὸ τὰ αὐτὰ ἐδάφη ποτὲ μὲν μετεωρίζεσθαι ποτὲ δʼ αὖ ταπεινοῦσθαι καὶ συνεξαίρειν ἢ συνενδιδόναι τὸ πέλαγος· ἐξαρθὲν μὲν γὰρ ἐπικλύσαι ἄν, ταπεινωθὲν δὲ ἀναδράμοι ἂν εἰς τὴν ἀρχαίαν κατάστασιν.
For, with respect to this sea rising and falling and flooding certain places and receding from them, this is not the cause, namely, that different beds are, some lower, others higher; but rather the fact that the same beds sometimes rise and sometimes in turn sink, and together with themselves lift up or let sink the sea; for if lifted up, the sea would flood, but if lowered, it would run back into its ancient state.
εἰ γὰρ οὕτω, δεήσει πλεονασμῷ τῆς θαλάττης αἰφνιδίῳ γενομένῳ τὴν ἐπίκλυσιν συμβαίνειν, καθάπερ ἐν ταῖς ἀναβάσεσι τῶν ποταμῶν, τοτὲ μὲν ἐπενεχθέντος ἑτέρωθεν τοτὲ δʼ αὐξηθέντος τοῦ ὕδατος.
For if it were so, it would be necessary that the flood occur by a sudden increase of the sea happening, just as in the risings of rivers, water sometimes being brought from elsewhere, and sometimes being increased.
ἀλλʼ οὔθʼ αἱ αὐξήσεις ἀθρόαι καὶ αἰφνίδιοι γίνονται, οὔθʼ αἱ πλημμυρίδες τοσοῦτον ἐπιμένουσι χρόνον οὐδʼ ἄτακτοί εἰσιν, οὔτε κατὰ τὴν ἡμετέραν ἐπικλύζουσι θάλατταν οὐδʼ ὅπου ἔτυχε.
But neither do the increases happen all at once and suddenly, nor do high tides remain for so long a time, nor are they irregular, nor do they flood along our sea, nor anywhere at random.
λοιπὸν οὖν αἰτιᾶσθαι τὸ ἔδαφος ἢ τὸ τῇ θαλάττῃ ὑποκείμενον ἢ τὸ ἐπικλυζόμενον, μᾶλλον δὲ τὸ ὕφαλον.
It remains then to hold as cause the bed, either that which lies under the sea, or that which is flooded, or rather, the submarine part.
πολὺ γὰρ εὐκινητότερον καὶ μεταβολὰς θάττους δέξασθαι δυνάμενον τὸ ἔνυγρον· καὶ γὰρ τὸ πνευματικὸν τὸ πάντων τῶν τοιούτων αἴτιον πλέον ἐνταῦθα.
For the wet part is much more easily moved and capable of receiving quicker changes; for indeed the pneumatic element, which is the cause of all such things, is more abundant there.
ἀλλʼ, ὡς ἔφην, τῶν τοιούτων ἀπεργαστικόν ἐστι παθῶν τὸ τὰ αὐτὰ ἐδάφη ποτὲ μὲν ἐξαίρεσθαι ποτὲ δὲ ὑφίζησιν λαμβάνειν, οὐ τὸ τὰ μὲν εἶναι ὑψηλὰ τὰ δὲ ἧττον· ὁ δὲ τοῦτο λαμβάνει, νομίζων ὅπερ ἐπὶ τῶν ποταμῶν συμβαίνει τοῦτο καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς θαλάττης ἀπαντᾶν, τὸ ἀπὸ τῶν μετεώρων τόπων εἶναι τὴν ῥύσιν.
But, as I said, it is the fact that the same beds sometimes rise and sometimes undergo subsidence that is productive of such conditions, not the fact that some are high and others less so; but he assumes this, thinking that what happens in the case of rivers also occurs in the case of the sea, namely, that the flow is from elevated places.
οὐδὲ γὰρ ἂν τοῦ κατὰ Βυζάντιον ῥοῦ τὸ ἔδαφος ᾐτιᾶτο, λέγων ὑψηλότερον τὸ τοῦ Εὐξείνου ἢ τὸ τῆς Προποντίδος καὶ τοῦ ἑξῆς πελάγους, ἅμα καὶ αἰτίαν προστιθείς· ἀπὸ γὰρ τῆς ἰλύος τῆς ἀπὸ τῶν ποταμῶν καταφερομένης πληροῦσθαι τὸν βυθὸν καὶ βραχὺν γίνεσθαι, διὰ τοῦτο δὲ καὶ ῥεῖν εἰς τὰ ἐκτός.
For otherwise he would not have blamed the bed for the current near Byzantium, saying that the bed of the Euxine is higher than that of the Propontis and the next sea, while adding at the same time a cause: for he says that by the mud brought down by the rivers the bottom is filled and becomes shallow, and because of this it flows to the outside.
τὸν δʼ αὐτὸν λόγον καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν ἡμετέραν θάλατταν σύμπασαν μεταφέρει πρὸς τὴν ἐκτός, ὡς καὶ ταύτης μετεωρότερον τοὔδαφος ποιούσης τοῦ ὑποκειμένου τῷ Ἀτλαντικῷ πελάγει· καὶ γὰρ αὕτη ἐκ πολλῶν ποταμῶν πληροῦται καὶ τὴν ὑποστάθμην τῆς ἰλύος δέχεται τὴν ἀνάλογον.
And he transfers the same argument also to our whole sea with respect to the outer sea, as though this sea also made its bed higher than that lying under the Atlantic sea; for indeed this sea is filled from many rivers and receives the corresponding deposit of mud.
ἐχρῆν οὖν καὶ τὸν εἴσρουν ὅμοιον γίνεσθαι τῷ κατὰ Βυζάντιον τὸν κατὰ στήλας καὶ τὴν Κάλπην.
Therefore, the inflow at the Pillars and Calpe ought to have become similar to that at Byzantium.
ἀλλὰ τοῦτο μὲν ἐῶ· ἐροῦσι γὰρ κἀκεῖ τοῦτο συμβαίνειν, περισπᾶσθαι δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν ἀμπώτεων καὶ τῶν πλημμυρίδων καὶ ἐπικρύπτεσθαι.
But I let this pass; for they will say that this happens there too, but is diverted by the ebbs and flows and is hidden.
§1.3.6Ἐκεῖνο δὲ πυνθάνομαι τί ἐκώλυε, πρὶν ἀνεῳγέναι τὸ στόμα τὸ κατὰ Βυζάντιον, ταπεινότερον ὂν τὸ τοῦ Εὐξείνου ἔδαφος τοῦ τῆς Προποντίδος καὶ τῆς ἑξῆς θαλάττης πληρωθῆναι ὑπὸ τῶν ποταμῶν, εἴτε θάλατταν οὖσαν καὶ πρότερον εἴτε λίμνην μείζω τῆς Μαιώτιδος;
But I ask this: what prevented, before the mouth at Byzantium was opened, the bed of the Euxine, though it was lower than that of the Propontis and the next sea, from being filled by the rivers, whether it was already a sea before, or a lake larger than Maiotis?
εἰ γὰρ τοῦτο συγχωροῖτο, προσερήσομαι καὶ τοῦτο· ἆρά γε ἡ ἐπιφάνεια τοῦ ὕδατος ἐκείνου καὶ τοῦ τῆς Προποντίδος οὐχ οὕτως εἶχεν ὥστε, μέχρι μὲν ἡ αὐτὴ ἦν, μὴ βιάζεσθαι πρὸς ἔκρυσιν διὰ τὴν ἐξ ἴσης ἀντέρεισιν καὶ θλῖψιν, ἐπειδὴ δὲ ὑπερεπόλασεν ἡ ἐντός, βιάσασθαι καὶ ἀπερᾶσαι τὸ πλεονάζον, ἐκ δὲ τούτου γενέσθαι σύρρουν τὸ ἔξω πέλαγος τῷ ἐντὸς καὶ τὴν αὐτὴν ἐπιφάνειαν ἐκείνῳ λαβεῖν, εἴτε θαλαττίῳ εἴτε λιμναίῳ μὲν πρότερον ὄντι, θαλαττίῳ δὲ ὕστερον, διὰ τὴν μῖξιν καὶ τὴν ἐπικράτειαν;
For if this should be granted, I will also ask this further: was not the surface of that water and of the Propontis so situated that, as long as it was the same, there was no forcing towards outflow because of the equal resistance and pressure, but when the inner sea overflowed, it forced its way and discharged the excess, and from this the outer sea became confluent with the inner one and took the same surface level as that, whether it was sea, or formerly a lake but later sea, because of the mixing and the dominance of the sea?
εἰ γὰρ καὶ τοῦτο δώσουσιν, ἡ μὲν ἔκρυσις οὐκ ἂν κωλύοιτο ἡ νῦν, οὐκ ἀπὸ ὑπερτέρου δὲ ἐδάφους οὐδὲ ἐπικλινοῦς, ὅπερ ἠξίου Στράτων.
For if they also grant this, the present outflow would indeed not be prevented, but not from a higher or sloping bed, which is what Strato claimed.