§1.3.2οὐ μόνον δὲ ταῦτʼ ἄν τις ἐπισημήναιτο, ἀλλʼ ὅτι καὶ περὶ τῶν τόπων οὐδὲ καθʼ ἑαυτόν πω γνώριμα εἶναί φησι τὰ καθʼ ἕκαστα ἀκριβολογούμενα, καὶ κελεύσας ἡμῖν μὴ ῥᾳδίως τοῖς τυχοῦσι πιστεύειν, καὶ τὰς αἰτίας διὰ μακρῶν ἀποδοὺς διʼ ἃς οὐδὲ πιστευτέον, οἷον περὶ τῶν κατὰ τὸν Πόντον καὶ τὸν Ἀδρίαν, αὐτὸς ἐπίστευσε τοῖς τυχοῦσι.
Not only might one point out these things, but also that, while he says that even in his own time the detailed facts concerning those regions were not yet clearly known, and while he bids us not easily to believe any chance writers, giving at length the reasons why we should not believe them (as, for instance, concerning the regions of the Pontus and the Adriatic), he himself believed chance writers.
τοιγάρτοι τὸν μὲν Ἰσσικὸν κόλπον ἐπίστευσεν ἑωθινώτατον τῆς καθʼ ἡμᾶς θαλάττης σημεῖον, τοῦ κατὰ Διοσκουριάδα τὴν ἐν τῷ τοῦ Πόντου μυχῷ σχεδόν τι καὶ τρισχιλίοις σταδίοις ἑωθινωτέρου ὄντος καὶ κατʼ αὐτὸν ἐκ τοῦ σταδιασμοῦ οὗ φησί· τοῦ τε Ἀδρίου καὶ τὰ ἀρκτικὰ καὶ τὰ ἔσχατα διεξιὼν οὐδενὸς ἀπέχεται μυθώδους.
Consequently, he believed the Gulf of Issus to be the most easterly point of our sea, although the point at Dioscurias, which is in the innermost recess of the Pontus, is, even according to himself, from the measurement of distances which he gives, about three thousand stadia more easterly; and in describing the Adriatic, the northern regions, and the outermost parts, he abstains from nothing mythical.
πεπίστευκε δὲ καὶ περὶ τῶν ἔξω στηλῶν Ἡρακλείων πολλοῖς μυθώδεσι, Κέρνην τε νῆσον καὶ ἄλλους τόπους ὀνομάζων τοὺς μηδαμοῦ νυνὶ δεικνυμένους, περὶ ὧν μνησθησόμεθα καὶ ὕστερον.
And he has believed many mythical stories also concerning the regions outside the Pillars of Heracles, naming the island of Cerne and other places which are now nowhere to be shown, of which we shall make mention also hereafter.
εἰπών τε τοὺς ἀρχαιοτάτους πλεῖν καὶ κατὰ λῃστείαν ἢ ἐμπορίαν, μὴ πελαγίζειν δέ, ἀλλὰ παρὰ γῆν, καθάπερ τὸν Ἰάσονα, ὅνπερ καὶ μέχρι τῆς Ἀρμενίας καὶ Μηδίας ἐκ τῶν Κόλχων στρατεῦσαι ἀφέντα τὰς ναῦς, ὕστερόν φησι τὸ παλαιὸν οὔτε τὸν Εὔξεινον θαρρεῖν τινα πλεῖν οὔτε παρὰ Λιβύην καὶ Συρίαν καὶ Κιλικίαν.
And after having said that the most ancient peoples sailed for piracy or trade, not keeping to the open sea, but along the land, just like Jason, who, he says, even marched as far as Armenia and Media from Colchis after leaving his ships, he says later that in ancient times no one dared to sail either the Euxine or along Libya, Syria, and Cilicia.
εἰ μὲν οὖν τοὺς πάλαι τοὺς πρὸ τῆς ἡμετέρας λέγει μνήμης, οὐδὲν ἐμοὶ μέλει περὶ ἐκείνων λέγειν, οὔτʼ εἰ ἔπλεον οὔτʼ εἰ μή· εἰ δὲ περὶ τῶν μνημονευομένων, οὐκ ἂν ὀκνήσαι τις εἰπεῖν ὡς οἱ παλαιοὶ μακροτέρας ὁδοὺς φανοῦνται καὶ κατὰ γῆν καὶ κατὰ θάλατταν τελέσαντες τῶν ὕστερον, εἰ χρὴ προσέχειν τοῖς λεγομένοις· οἷον Διόνυσος καὶ Ἡρακλῆς καὶ αὐτὸς ὁ Ἰάσων, ἔτι δʼ οἱ ὑπὸ τοῦ ποιητοῦ λεγόμενοι Ὀδυσσεὺς καὶ Μενέλαος.
If, then, he means by the ancients those before our memory, it does not concern me to speak of them, whether they sailed or whether they did not; but if he means those who are remembered, one would not hesitate to say that the ancients will appear to have accomplished longer journeys both by land and by sea than those of later times, if we must pay attention to what is said; as, for instance, Dionysus, Heracles, and Jason himself, and also Ulysses and Menelaus mentioned by the poet.
καὶ Θησέα δὲ καὶ Πειρίθουν μακρὰς εἰκός ἐστι στρατείας ὑπομείναντας καταλιπεῖν δόξαν περὶ ἑαυτῶν ὡς εἰς Ἅιδου καταβάντας, τοὺς δὲ Διοσκούρους ἐπιμελητὰς τῆς θαλάττης λεχθῆναι καὶ σωτῆρας τῶν πλεόντων.
And it is natural that Theseus and Pirithous, having endured long expeditions, left a reputation concerning themselves as having descended into Hades, and that the Dioscuri were called guardians of the sea and saviors of those who sail.
ἥ τε Μίνω θαλαττοκρατία θρυλεῖται καὶ ἡ Φοινίκων ναυτιλία, οἳ καὶ τὰ ἔξω τῶν Ἡρακλείων στηλῶν ἐπῆλθον καὶ πόλεις ἔκτισαν κἀκεῖ καὶ περὶ τὰ μέσα τῆς Λιβύης παραλίας μικρὸν τῶν Τρωικῶν ὕστερον.
Also the sea-empire of Minos is celebrated, and the navigation of the Phoenicians, who went even beyond the Pillars of Heracles and founded cities both there and around the middle of the Libyan coast a little after the Trojan War.
Αἰνείαν δὲ καὶ Ἀντήνορα καὶ Ἐνετοὺς καὶ ἁπλῶς τοὺς ἐκ τοῦ Τρωικοῦ πολέμου πλανηθέντας εἰς πᾶσαν τὴν οἰκουμένην ἄξιον μὴ τῶν παλαιῶν ἀνθρώπων νομίσαι;
And is it proper not to consider Aeneas, Antenor, the Eneti, and in a word those who wandered from the Trojan War into the whole inhabited world, as among the ancient men?
συνέβη γὰρ δὴ τοῖς τότε Ἕλλησιν ὁμοίως καὶ τοῖς βαρβάροις διὰ τὸν τῆς στρατείας χρόνον ἀποβαλεῖν τά τε ἐν οἴκῳ καὶ τῇ στρατείᾳ πορισθέντα· ὥστε μετὰ τὴν τοῦ Ἰλίου καταστροφὴν τούς τε νικήσαντας ἐπὶ λῃστείαν τραπέσθαι διὰ τὰς ἀπορίας καὶ πολὺ μᾶλλον τοὺς ἡττηθέντας καὶ περιγενομένους ἐκ τοῦ πολέμου.
For it indeed happened to the Greeks of that time, as well as to the barbarians, on account of the length of the expedition, to lose both what was at home and what was acquired in the expedition; so that after the destruction of Ilium, the victors turned to piracy because of their want, and much more so the defeated and those who survived the war.
καὶ δὴ καὶ πόλεις ὑπὸ τούτων πλεῖσται κτισθῆναι λέγονται κατὰ πᾶσαν τὴν ἔξω τῆς Ἑλλάδος παραλίαν, ἔστι δʼ ὅπου καὶ τὴν μεσόγαιαν.
And indeed very many cities are said to have been founded by them along all the coast outside Greece, and in some places also in the interior.
§1.3.3εἰπὼν δὲ καὶ αὐτὸς ὁπόσον προὔβη τὰ τῆς οἰκουμένης εἰς γνῶσιν τοῖς μετʼ Ἀλέξανδρον καὶ κατʼ αὐτὸν ἤδη, μεταβέβηκεν ἐπὶ τὸν περὶ τοῦ σχήματος λόγον, οὐχὶ περὶ τοῦ τῆς οἰκουμένης, ὅπερ ἦν οἰκειότερον τῷ περὶ αὐτῆς λόγῳ, ἀλλὰ τοῦ τῆς συμπάσης γῆς· δεῖ μὲν γὰρ καὶ τούτου μνησθῆναι, μὴ ἀτάκτως δέ.
And having himself said how much the knowledge of the inhabited world advanced for those after Alexander and already in his own time, he has passed on to the discussion concerning the shape, not of the inhabited world, which was more appropriate to the discussion of it, but of the whole earth; for one must indeed mention this also, but not in a disorderly manner.
εἰπὼν οὖν ὅτι σφαιροειδὴς ἡ σύμπασα, οὐχ ὡς ἐκ τόρνου δέ, ἀλλʼ ἔχει τινὰς ἀνωμαλίας, ἐπιφέρει τὸ πλῆθος τῶν ἐν μέρει μετασχηματισμῶν αὐτῆς, οἳ συμβαίνουσιν ἔκ τε ὕδατος καὶ πυρὸς καὶ σεισμῶν καὶ ἀναφυσημάτων καὶ ἄλλων τοιούτων, οὐδʼ ἐνταῦθα τὴν τάξιν φυλάττων.
Having said, then, that the whole is spherical, yet not as if from a lathe, but that it has certain irregularities, he brings in the multitude of its partial changes of form, which happen from water, fire, earthquakes, eruptions, and other such things, not preserving order even here.
τὸ μὲν γὰρ σφαιροειδὲς περὶ ὅλην τὴν γῆν ἀπὸ τῆς τοῦ ὅλου ἕξεως συμβαίνει, οἱ δὲ τοιοῦτοι μετασχηματισμοὶ τὴν μὲν ὅλην γῆν οὐδὲν ἐξαλλάττουσιν· ἐν γὰρ τοῖς μεγάλοις ἐναφανίζεται τὰ οὕτω μικρά· τῆς δὲ οἰκουμένης διαθέσεις ἑτέρας καὶ ἑτέρας τινὰς ἀπεργάζονται καὶ τὰς προσεχεῖς αἰτίας ἄλλας καὶ ἄλλας ἔχουσι.
For while the spherical shape belongs to the whole earth from the state of the whole, such changes of form do not alter the whole earth at all—for in great things such small things disappear—but they produce various different arrangements of the inhabited world, and have various different proximate causes.