§1.1.1τῆς τοῦ φιλοσόφου πραγματείας εἶναι νομίζομεν, εἴπερ ἄλλην τινά, καὶ τὴν γεωγραφικήν, ἣν νῦν προῃρήμεθα ἐπισκοπεῖν.
We believe that the study of geography, which we have now chosen to examine, belongs to the province of the philosopher, if indeed any other study does.
ὅτι δʼ οὐ φαύλως νομίζομεν ἐκ πολλῶν δῆλον·
That we do not believe this without reason is clear from many considerations.
οἵ τε γὰρ πρῶτοι θαρρήσαντες αὐτῆς ἅψασθαι τοιοῦτοί τινες ὑπῆρξαν, Ὅμηρός τε καὶ Ἀναξίμανδρος ὁ Μιλήσιος καὶ Ἑκαταῖος, ὁ πολίτης αὐτοῦ, καθὼς καὶ Ἐρατοσθένης φησί· καὶ Δημόκριτος δὲ καὶ Εὔδοξος καὶ Δικαίαρχος καὶ Ἔφορος καὶ ἄλλοι πλείους· ἔτι δὲ οἱ μετὰ τούτους, Ἐρατοσθένης τε καὶ Πολύβιος καὶ Ποσειδώνιος, ἄνδρες φιλόσοφοι.
For those who first dared to undertake it were men of this character: Homer, Anaximander of Miletus, and Hecataeus his fellow-citizen, as Eratosthenes also says; and besides, Democritus, Eudoxus, Dicaearchus, Ephorus, and many others; and further, those after them, Eratosthenes, Polybius, and Poseidonius, who were philosophers.
ἥ τε πολυμάθεια, διʼ ἧς μόνης ἐφικέσθαι τοῦδε τοῦ ἔργου δυνατόν, οὐκ ἄλλου τινός ἐστιν ἢ τοῦ τὰ θεῖα καὶ τὰ ἀνθρώπεια ἐπιβλέποντος, ὧνπερ τὴν φιλοσοφίαν ἐπιστήμην φασίν.
Moreover, that wide learning, through which alone it is possible to attain this work, belongs to no other than to him who surveys things divine and human, the science of which they say philosophy is.
ὡς δʼ αὕτως καὶ ἡ ὠφέλεια ποικίλη τις οὖσα, ἡ μὲν πρὸς τὰ πολιτικὰ καὶ τὰς ἡγεμονικὰς πράξεις, ἡ δὲ πρὸς ἐπιστήμην τῶν τε οὐρανίων καὶ τῶν ἐπὶ γῆς καὶ θαλάττης ζῴων καὶ φυτῶν καὶ καρπῶν καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ὅσα ἰδεῖν παρʼ ἑκάστοις ἔστι, τὸν αὐτὸν ὑπογράφει ἄνδρα, τὸν φροντίζοντα τῆς περὶ τὸν βίον τέχνης καὶ εὐδαιμονίας.
In the same way, its utility, which is of various kinds — on the one hand for political and administrative affairs, and on the other for the knowledge of the heavens and of the animals, plants, fruits, and everything else that can be seen in each region on land and sea — portrays the same man, the one who cares for the art of life and happiness.
§1.1.2Ἀναλαβόντες δὲ καθʼ ἕκαστον ἐπισκοπῶμεν τῶν εἰρημένων ἔτι μᾶλλον.
Let us take up and examine each of the points mentioned in still greater detail.
καὶ πρῶτον ὅτι ὀρθῶς ὑπειλήφαμεν καὶ ἡμεῖς καὶ οἱ πρὸ ἡμῶν, ὧν ἐστι καὶ Ἵππαρχος, ἀρχηγέτην εἶναι τῆς γεωγραφικῆς ἐμπειρίας Ὅμηρον, ὃς οὐ μόνον ἐν τῇ κατὰ τὴν ποίησιν ἀρετῇ πάντας ὑπερβέβληται τοὺς πάλαι καὶ τοὺς ὕστερον, ἀλλὰ σχεδόν τι καὶ τῇ κατὰ τὸν βίον ἐμπειρίᾳ τὸν πολιτικόν, ἀφʼ ἧς οὐ μόνον περὶ τὰς πράξεις ἐσπούδασεν ἐκεῖνος, ὅπως ὅτι πλείστας γνοίη καὶ παραδώσει τοῖς ὕστερον ἐσομένοις, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ περὶ τοὺς τόπους τούς τε καθʼ ἕκαστα καὶ τοὺς κατὰ σύμπασαν τὴν οἰκουμένην γῆν τε καὶ θάλατταν· οὐ γὰρ ἂν μέχρι τῶν ἐσχάτων αὐτῆς περάτων ἀφίκετο τῇ μνήμῃ κύκλῳ περιιών.
First of all, we, as well as our predecessors, among whom is Hipparchus, have correctly assumed that Homer was the founder of geographical experience. He not only surpassed all ancient and later men in the excellence of his poetry, but also, one might almost say, in his experience of practical life. From this experience, he not only took pains regarding actions, so that he might know as many as possible and hand them down to posterity, but also regarding places, both individual localities and the land and sea of the whole inhabited world; for otherwise he would not have reached the outermost limits of it in his memory, encompassing it in a circle.
§1.1.3καὶ πρῶτον μὲν τῷ ὠκεανῷ περίκλυστον, ὥσπερ ἔστιν, ἀπέφαινεν αὐτήν·
And in the first place, he showed that the earth is surrounded by the ocean, just as it is.
ἔπειτα δὲ τῶν χωρίων τὰ μὲν ὠνόμαζε τὰ δὲ ὑπῃνίττετο τεκμηρίοις τισί, Λιβύην μὲν καὶ Αἰθιοπίαν καὶ Σιδονίους καὶ Ἐρεμβούς, οὓς εἰκὸς λέγειν Τρωγλοδύτας Ἄραβας, ῥητῶς λέγων, τοὺς δὲ πρὸς ταῖς ἀνατολαῖς καὶ δύσεσιν αἰνιττόμενος ἐκ τοῦ τῷ ὠκεανῷ κλύζεσθαι·
Next, of the places, he named some explicitly and hinted at others by certain clues; while he expressly mentioned Libya, Ethiopia, the Sidonians, and the Erembi (whom it is reasonable to call Troglodyte Arabs), he hinted at those towards the east and west by their being washed by the ocean.
ἐντεῦθεν γὰρ ἀνίσχοντα ποιεῖ τὸν ἥλιον καὶ δυόμενον εἰς τοῦτον, ὡς δʼ αὕτως καὶ τὰ ἄστρα καὶ τοὺς ἀστέρας λελουμένους ἐξ ὠκεανοῦ λέγει.
For he represents the sun as rising from it and setting into it, and likewise he speaks of the constellations and stars as bathing in the ocean.
§1.1.4τῶν δʼ ἑσπερίων ἀνδρῶν καὶ τὴν εὐδαιμονίαν ἐμφανίζει καὶ τὴν εὐκρασίαν τοῦ περιέχοντος, πεπυσμένος, ὡς ἔοικε, τὸν Ἰβηρικὸν πλοῦτον, ἐφʼ ὃν καὶ Ἡρακλῆς ἐστράτευσε καὶ οἱ Φοίνικες ὕστερον, οἵπερ καὶ κατέσχον τὴν πλείστην ἀρχήν, μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα Ῥωμαῖοι·
And of the western peoples he indicates both their prosperity and the mildness of the surrounding atmosphere, having learned, as it seems, of the Iberian wealth, against which both Heracles made his expedition and the Phoenicians later, who indeed held the greater part of the dominion, and after them the Romans.
ἐνταῦθα γὰρ αἱ τοῦ ζεφύρου πνοαί, ἐνταῦθα δὲ καὶ τὸ Ἠλύσιον ποιεῖ πεδίον ὁ ποιητής, εἰς ὃ πεμφθήσεσθαί φησι τὸν Μενέλαον ὑπὸ τῶν θεῶν
ἀλλά σʼ ἐς Ἠλύσιον πεδίον καὶ πείρατα γαίης ἀθάνατοι πέμψουσιν, ὅθι ξανθὸς Ῥαδάμανθυς, τῇ περ ῥηίστη βιοτὴ πέλει· οὐ νιφετός, οὔτʼ ἂρ χειμὼν πολύς, ἀλλʼ αἰεὶ ζεφύροιο λιγὺ πνείοντας ἀήτας ὠκεανὸς ἀνίησι.
For there are the blasts of Zephyrus, and there also the poet places the Elysian plain, to which he says Menelaus will be sent by the gods: "But to the Elysian plain and the ends of the earth the immortals will send you, where is fair-haired Rhadamanthys, where life is easiest; no snow is there, nor yet much winter storm, but always the ocean sends up the shrill-blowing breezes of Zephyrus."