§1.13Τῷ δὲ βραχίονι κοπιαρώτερον διὰ κενῆς ῥίπτειν ἢ λίθον ἢ ἄλλο τι βάρος διότι σπασματωδέστερον καὶ καματωδέστερον.
For the arm, it is more fatiguing to throw in empty air than to throw a stone or some other weight, because it is more spasmodic and laborious.
Οὐ γὰρ ἀπερείδεται καθάπερ ὁ βάλλων πρὸς τὸν ἐν τῇ χειρὶ ὄγκον καὶ ὥσπερ ὁ πένταθλος πρὸς τοὺς ἁλτῆρας καὶ ὁ θέων παρασείων τὰς χεῖρας καὶ τοὺς καρπούς.
For it does not support itself against anything, as the thrower supports himself against the mass in his hand, and as the pentathlete against the halteres, and the runner by swinging his hands and wrists.
Διὸ ὁ μὲν μεῖζον ἅλλεται ἢ μὴ ἔχων, ὁ δὲ θᾶττον θεῖ ἢ μὴ παρασείων, ὁ δὲ ἧττον σπᾶται προπετῶς διὰ τὸ βάρος.
Therefore, the former jumps further than one who does not hold them, the latter runs faster than one who does not swing them, and the other is less spasmodically pulled forward because of the weight.
§1.14Οἱ δὲ βραχεῖς περίπατοι κοπιαρώτεροι τῶν μακρῶν καὶ οἱ ὁμαλοὶ τῶν ἀνωμάλων, ὅτι πολλάκις ἵστασθαι συμβαίνει· τὸ δʼ ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ σχήματι χαλεπὸν καὶ κοπῶδες.
Short walks are more fatiguing than long ones, and flat ones than uneven ones, because it happens that one stands still frequently; and remaining in the same posture is difficult and fatiguing.
οὐδʼ ἐκεῖνο ὑπεναντίον ὡς κοπιῶσί τε μᾶλλον ἐν τοῖς ὁμαλέσι χωρίοις καὶ θᾶττον βαδίζουσιν ἢ ἐν τοῖς ἀνωμάλοις.
Nor is the following statement opposite: that they both feel more fatigue in flat places and walk faster than in uneven ones.
Κοπιαρώτερον μὲν γὰρ τὸ ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ σχήματι, θάττων δʼ ἡ βάδισις ἡ ἐν τῷ ἴσῳ χρόνῳ ἐλάττω τὴν ἀναφορὰν ἔχουσα. Τοιαύτη δʼ ἡ ἐν τῷ ὁμαλῷ.
For while remaining in the same posture is more fatiguing, the walk that has less lifting up in the same amount of time is faster; and such is the walk on flat ground.
Τὸ δὲ παρʼ ἑκάστην πορείαν γινόμενον μικρὸν πολὺ γίγνεται παρὰ τὰς πολλάς.
And the small difference that occurs in each single walk becomes large over many.
§1.15Διότι δὲ μακροὶ μὲν ὄντες οἱ περίπατοι ἐν τοῖς ὁμαλέσι κοπιαρώτεροι τῶν ἀνωμά· λῶν οἱ δὲ βραχεῖς ἀκοπώτεροι;
And why is it that when walks are long, those on flat ground are more fatiguing than those on uneven ground, but when they are short, they are less fatiguing?
ἢ ὅτι ἥ τε πολλὴ κίνησις ποιεῖ κόπον καὶ ἡ ἰσχυρά·
Is it because both much movement and violent movement produce fatigue?
τοιαύτη δὲ ἡ σπασματώδης· πολλὴ δʼ ἡ συνεχὴς καὶ ὁμοία.
And such is spasmodic movement, while much movement is continuous and uniform.
Ἐν μὲν οὖν τοῖς ἀνάντεσιν· ἂν ἔχωσι μῆκος αἱ μεταβολαὶ ποιοῦσιν ἀνάπαυσιν, ἐν δὲ τοῖς ὁμαλέσιν ἡ ὁμοιότης τοῦ σχήματος οὐ διαλαμβάνει ἀλλὰ συνεργάζεται πρὸς τὸ συνεχῆ τὴν κίνησιν εἶναι.
In steep places, therefore, if they have length, the changes bring rest; but on flat ground, the uniformity of the posture does not interrupt but works together to make the movement continuous.
Ὅταν δʼ ᾖ βραχεῖα διὰ μὲν τὸ πλῆθος τῆς κινήσεως οὐ γίνεται κόπος, διὰ δὲ τὸ τὴν μεταβολὴν ἰσχυρὰν εἶναι καὶ ἐναντίαν τῶν κάτω καὶ ἄνω ποιεῖ κόπον. Τοιαύτη δὲ ἡ ἐν τοῖς ἀνάντεσιν· ἐν δὲ τοῖς πεδίοις τοὐναντίον.
But when the walk is short, fatigue does not occur due to the quantity of movement, but it produces fatigue because the change is violent and opposite in going down and up; and such is the walk in steep places, whereas in plains it is the opposite.
§1.16Διότι ἐξονειρωκτικοὶ οἱ κοπιῶντες;
Why are those who are fatigued prone to wet dreams?
ὅτι θερμά τε καὶ κάθυγρα τὰ σώματα διὰ τὴν σύντηξιν, ἡ δὲ τοιαύτη διάθεσις σπερματική.
Because their bodies are warm and very moist due to the wasting, and such a disposition is spermatic.
Κατάκεινται δʼ ὕπτιοι διὰ τὴν ἔκλυσιν· ἐν τούτῳ γὰρ τῷ σχήματι μάλιστʼ ἄνισον καὶ πρὸς τὸν ἐξονειρωγμὸν συνεργεῖ.
And they lie on their backs because of their exhaustion; for in this posture the body is most uneven and works together towards nocturnal emission.
Συμβαίνει δʼ αὐτοῖς καθεύδειν μὲν μᾶλλον τὴν δʼ ἴσην τροφὴν ἧττον πέττειν — καίτοι ὁ ὕπνος πεπτικὸν, — ὅτι ἅμα τῇ τροφῇ περιττώματος ἔχουσι πλῆθος· ὃ καὶ αὐτὸ μέτριον ὂν δυσπεπτότερόν ἐστι πολλῆς τροφῆς.
And it happens to them that, although they sleep more, they digest the same amount of food less—even though sleep is digestive—because they have a large amount of residue along with the food, which itself, even when moderate, is harder to digest than a large amount of food.
Διὸ καὶ ἀναμιγνύμενον κωλύει πέττεσθαι τὴν τροφήν.
Therefore, by mixing with it, it prevents the food from being digested.
Ὁ δὲ ὕπνος μᾶλλον γίνεται ἀπὸ τοῦ πλείονος ὑγροῦ καὶ θερμοῦ καθάπερ τοῖς μεθύουσι.
And sleep occurs more from a greater amount of moisture and heat, just as in those who are drunk.
§1.17Κελεύουσι δέ τινες τοὺς μὲν χειμερινοὺς κόπους ἀλείμματι, τοὺς δὲ θερινοὺς λουτρῷ θεραπεύειν, τοὺς μὲν διὰ τὰς μεταβολὰς καὶ φρίκας, τοὺς δὲ διὰ τὴν ξηρότητα τῆς ὥρας καθυγραίνειν· διὸ καὶ τοῖς ποτοῖς τοῦ θέρους μᾶλλον.
Some recommend treating winter fatigue with anointing, but summer fatigue with bathing; the former to counteract changes and chills, and the latter to moisten against the dryness of the season; therefore, they should also moisten more with drinks in summer.
Ἡ δʼ ὀλιγοσιτία κοινὸν μὲν οἰκειότερον δὲ τῷ θέρει· διὰ γὰρ τὴν ὥραν ὑπὸ τῶν σιτίων θερμαίνεται.
And eating little is common to both, but more appropriate to summer; for because of the season, the body is heated by the food.
§1.18Διὰ τί δὲ τὰ ὑγρὰ σώματα κοπιαρώτερα τῶν μὴ ὑγρῶν;
And why are moist bodies more easily fatigued than those that are not moist?
ἀσθενέστερα γάρ· τὸ δὲ σκληρὸν ἰσχυρότερον μὲν ἀπαθέστερον δὲ, οὐ πρὸς ἅπασαν ἀπάθειαν οἷον πρὸς θραῦσιν ἢ κάταξιν ἢ θλάσιν ἢ διάσπασιν ἀλλὰ τὰ γλισχρότερα, ὧν ἔνια μαλακὰ καὶ ὑγρὰ τὴν φύσιν.
Because they are weaker; and the hard body is stronger and less affected, yet not against every affection, such as shattering, fracture, bruising, or tearing, but rather more viscous things are resistant, some of which are by nature soft and moist.
Ὁ δὲ κόπος ἐκ σπαστικῆς καὶ ἐκ πληκτικῆς κινήσεως·
But fatigue comes from stretching and striking movement.
ἐν μὲν γὰρ τῇ μεταβολῇ τῆς πορείας πάντʼ ἔχει καὶ τὴν συνέχειαν παρὰ τὰ μέρη· ἐν δὲ τῇ θέσει τῶν μερῶν τύπτει διὰ τὰ ὑγρὰ τῶν σωμάτων.
For in the change of pace all bodies maintain continuity in their parts, but in the placement of the parts, there is impact because of the moisture of the bodies.
Καὶ γάρ τοι μᾶλλον καὶ τύπτεται ἧττον διὰ τὰ δὲ σκληρὰ τοὐναντίον.
For indeed, it strikes more and is struck less, whereas for hard bodies it is the opposite.