§A.7_col2## ἡ πολιτεία.
## Constitutions.
διαιρεῖται ἡ πολιτεία εἰς πέντε.
Constitution is divided into five.
ἔστι γὰρ αὐτῆς ἓν μὲν δημοκρατία, ἓν δὲ ἀριστοκρατία, ἓν δὲ ὀλιγαρχία, ἓν δὲ τυραννίς, ἓν δε βασιλεία.
For of it, one is democracy, one aristocracy, one oligarchy, one tyranny, and one kingship.
ἔστι δὲ ἡ μὲν δημοκρατία, ἐν ᾗ τὸ πλῆθος τῆς πόλεως κυριεύει, ἀριστοκρατεία δέ, ἐν ᾗ οἱ κράτιστοι ἡγοῦνται μήτε διὰ γένος μήτε διὰ πλοῦτον ἀλλὰ δι’ ἀρετήν· ἡ δὲ ὀλιγαρχία, ἐν ᾗ τὰ τιμήματα μεγάλα ποιήσαντες ἀπὸ τούτων πολιτεύονταί τινες ἢ δι’ ἑταιρίαν βιασάμενοι τὸ πλῆθος τὴν πόλιν διοικοῦσι· τυραννὶς δέ, ἐν ᾗ παρακρουσάμενός τις τὸ πλῆθος ἢ βιασάμενος τὴν πόλιν διοικεῖ· βασιλεία δέ, ὅταν ἢ κατὰ νόμον ἢ κατὰ γένος βασιλεὺς τὰ πράγματα διοικῇ τῆς πόλεως·
And democracy is in which the multitude of the city holds power; and aristocracy is in which the best lead, neither due to lineage nor due to wealth, but due to virtue; and oligarchy is in which, having made property assessments high, certain people conduct public affairs based on these, or having forced the multitude through factional association, manage the city; and tyranny is in which someone, having deceived or forced the multitude, manages the city; and kingship is when, either according to law or according to lineage, a king manages the affairs of the city.
τῆς πολιτείας ἄρα τὸ μέν ἐστι δημοκρατία, τὸ δὲ ἀριστοκρα τία, τὸ δὲ ὀλιγαρχία, τὸ δὲ τυραννίς, τὸ δὲ βασιλεία.
Therefore, of constitution, some is democracy, some aristocracy, some oligarchy, some tyranny, and some kingship.
§A.4_col1## ἡ δικαιοσύνη.
## Justice.
τῆς δὲ δικαιοσύνης ἐστὶν εἴδη τρία· ἡ μὲν γὰρ αὐτῆς ἐστι περὶ θεούς, ἡ δὲ περὶ ἀνθρώπους, ἡ δὲ περὶ τοὺς ἀποιχομένους.
And of justice, there are three kinds: for some of it is concerning the gods, some concerning humans, and some concerning the departed.
οἱ μὲν γὰρ θύοντες κατὰ νόμους καὶ τῶν ἱερῶν ἐπιμελούμενοι δῆλον ὅτι περὶ θεοὺς εὐσεβοῦσιν· οἱ δὲ δάνεια ἀποδιδόντες καὶ παρακαταθήκας δικαιοπραγοῦσι περὶ ἀνθρώπους· οἱ δὲ τῶν μνημείων ἐπιμελούμενοι δῆλον ὅτι περὶ τοὺς ἀποιχομένους.
For those who sacrifice according to the laws and take care of sacred matters are clearly pious concerning the gods; and those who pay back loans and return deposits act justly concerning humans; and those who take care of monuments clearly [act justly] concerning the departed.
τῆς ἄρα δικαιοσύνης ἡ μὲν πρὸς τοὺς θεούς ἐστιν, ἡ δὲ περὶ ἀνθρώπους, ἡ δὲ περὶ τοὺς ἀποιχομένους.
Therefore, of justice, some is toward the gods, some concerning humans, and some concerning the departed.
§A.4_col2## ἡ δικαιοσύνη.
## Justice.
διαιρεῖται ἡ δικαιοσύνη εἰς τρία· ἔστι γὰρ αὐτῆς ἓν μὲν πρὸς τὸν θεόν, ἓν δὲ πρὸς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, ἓν δὲ πρὸς τοὺς ἀποιχομένους.
Justice is divided into three: for of it, one is toward God, one toward humans, and one toward the departed.
ἔστι δὲ ἡ μὲν πρὸς τὸν θεὸν δικαιοσύνη μετ’ εὐσεβείας εὐχαριστία καὶ τὰς αὐτοῦ ἐκπληροῦν ἐντολάς, ἡ δὲ πρὸς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους περὶ τὰ συμβόλαια εὐνομία καὶ περὶ τὰ ἄλλα νομιζόμενα δίκαια, ἡ δὲ πρὸς τοὺς ἀποιχομένους δικαιοσύνη ἐστὶ θάπτειν καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ἐπιφέρειν.
And justice toward God is gratitude accompanied by piety and fulfilling His commands; and that toward humans is lawfulness concerning contracts and concerning the other customary rights; and justice toward the departed is to bury and to bring the other customary offerings.
τῆς δικαιοσύνης ἄρα ἐστὶν ἓν μὲν πρὸς τὸν θεόν, ἓν δὲ πρὸς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, ἓν δὲ πρὸς τοὺς ἀποιχομένους.
Therefore, of justice, there is one toward God, one toward humans, and one toward the departed.
§A.5_col1## ἡ έπιστήμη.
## Sciences.
τῆς ἐπιστήμης ἐστὶν εἴδη τρία· τὸ μὲν γάρ ἐστι πρακτικόν, τὸ δὲ ποιητικόν, τὸ δὲ θεωρητικόν.
Of science, there are three kinds: for some is practical, some productive, and some theoretical.
ἡ μὲν οἰκοδομικὴ καὶ ναυπηγικὴ ποιητικαί εἰσιν· ἔστι γὰρ αὐτῶν ἰδεῖν ἔργον πεποιημένον.
Now building and shipbuilding are productive; for it is possible to see a finished work of theirs.
πολιτικὴ δὲ καὶ αὐλητικὴ καὶ κιθαριστικὴ καὶ αἱ τοιαῦται πρακτικαί· οὐ γὰρ ἔστιν ἰδεῖν ἔργον αὐτῶν πεποιημένον, ἀλλὰ πράττουσί τι· ὁ μὲν γὰρ αὐλεῖ καὶ κιθαρίζει, ὁ δὲ πολιτεύεται.
And politics, flute-playing, lyre-playing, and such are practical; for it is not possible to see a finished work of theirs, but they do something; for one plays the flute and plays the lyre, and another conducts public affairs.
ἡ δὲ γεωμετρικὴ καὶ ἁρμονικὴ καὶ ἀστρολογικὴ θεωρητικαί· οὔτε γὰρ πράττουσιν οὔτε ποιοῦσιν οὐδέν· ἀλλ’ ὁ μὲν γεωμέτρης θεωρεῖ, πῶς πρὸς ἀλλήλας ἔχουσιν αἱ γραμμαί, ὁ δὲ ἁρμονικὸς τοὺς φθόγγους, ὁ δὲ ἀστρολογικὸς τὰ ἄστρα καὶ τὸν κόσμον.
And geometry, harmonics, and astronomy are theoretical; for they neither do nor produce anything; but the geometer observes how lines are related to one another, the harmonicist the sounds, and the astronomer the stars and the cosmos.
τῶν ἄρα ἐπιστημῶν αἱ μέν εἰσι θεωρητικαί, αἱ δὲ πρακτικαί, αἱ δὲ ποιητικαί.
Therefore, of sciences, some are theoretical, some practical, and some productive.
§A.8_col2## ἡ έπιστήμη.
## Sciences.
διαιρεῖται ἡ ἐπιστήμη εἰς τρία· ἔστι γὰρ αὐτῆς τὸ μὲν θεωρητικόν, τὸ δὲ ποιητικόν, τὸ δὲ πρακτικόν.
Science is divided into three: for of it, some is theoretical, some productive, and some practical.
ἔστι δὲ ἡ μὲν θεωρητικὴ, 〈ἧς〉 τὸ κεφάλαιον θεωρία [δὲ] ἐστίν, οἷον ἡ γεωμετρικὴ καὶ ἀριθμητικὴ καὶ ἁρμονικὴ καὶ αἱ τοιαῦται· ἡ δὲ ποιητική, ἧς τὸ κεφάλαιόν ἐστιν ἔργου συντελεστικὸν, οἷον οἰκοδομικὴ καὶ ἀνδριαντοποιητικὴ καὶ ἄλλαι τοιαῦται· ἡ δὲ πρακτική, ἧς τὸ κεφάλαιόν ἐστι πρᾶξις, οἷον ἰατρικὴ καὶ στρατηγικὴ καὶ πολιτικὴ καὶ ἄλλαι τοιαῦται.
And the theoretical is that of which the main point is contemplation, such as geometry, arithmetic, harmonics, and such; and the productive is that of which the main point is productive of a finished work, such as building, sculpturing, and other such; and the practical is that of which the main point is action, such as medicine, generalship, politics, and other such.
τῆς ἐπιστήμης ἄρα ἡ μέν ἐστι θεωρητική, ἡ δὲ ποιητική, ἡ δὲ πρακτική.
Therefore, of science, some is theoretical, some productive, and some practical.