§5.22Τὰ δὲ μὴ ἀναπνέοντα ὅτι μὲν ἔχει αἴσθησιν τοῦ ὀσφραντοῦ, φανερόν· καὶ γὰρ ἰχθύες καὶ τὸ τῶν ἐντόμων γένος πᾶν ἀκριβῶς καὶ πόρρωθεν αἰσθάνεται, διὰ τὸ θρεπτικὸν εἶδος τῆς ὀσμῆς, ἀπέχοντα πολὺ τῆς οἰκείας τροφῆς, οἷον αἵ τε μέλιτται ποιοῦσι πρὸς τὸ μέλι καὶ τὸ τῶν μικρῶν μυρμήκων γένος, οὓς καλοῦσί τινες κνίπας, καὶ τῶν θαλαττίων αἱ πορφύραι, καὶ πολλὰ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν τοιούτων ζῴων ὀξέως αἰσθάνεται τῆς τροφῆς διὰ τὴν ὀσμήν. §5.23Ὅτῳ δὲ αἰσθάνεται, οὐχ ὁμοίως φανερόν.
But that non-breathing animals have a perception of the object of smell is clear; for both fish and the whole class of insects perceive accurately and from afar, because of the nutritive kind of odor, even when being far away from their proper food, just as bees do in relation to honey, and the class of small ants which some call knipes, and among marine animals, murexes, and many of the other such animals sharply perceive their food because of the odor. But by what organ they perceive is not equally clear.
Διὸ κἂν ἀπορήσειέ τις τίνι αἰσθάνονται τῆς ὀσμῆς, εἴπερ ἀναπνέουσι μὲν γίνεται τὸ ὀσμᾶσθαι μοναχῶς· τοῦτο γὰρ φαίνεται ἐπὶ τῶν ἀναπνεόντων συμβαῖνον πάντων, ἐκείνων δ’ οὐθὲν ἀναπνεῖ αἰσθάνεται μέντοι, εἰ μή τις παρὰ τὰς πέντε αἰσθήσεις ἑτέρα. §5.24Τοῦτο δ’ ἀδύνατον· τοῦ γὰρ ὀσφραντοῦ ὄσφρησις, ἐκεῖνα δὲ τούτου αἰσθάνονται, ἀλλ’ οὐ τὸν αὐτὸν ἴσως τρόπον, ἀλλὰ τοῖς μὲν ἀναπνέουσι τὸ πνεῦμα ἀφαιρεῖ τὸ ἐπικείμενον ὥσπερ πῶμά τι (διὸ οὐκ αἰσθάνεται μὴ ἀναπνέοντα), τοῖς δὲ μὴ ἀναπνέουσιν ἀφῄρηται τοῦτο, καθάπερ ἐπὶ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν τὰ μὲν ἔχει βλέφαρα τῶν ζῴων, ὧν μὴ ἀνακαλυφθέντων οὐ δύναται ὁρᾶν, τὰ δὲ σκληρόφθαλμα οὐκ ἔχει, διόπερ οὐ προσδεῖται οὐδενὸς τοῦ ἀνακαλύψοντος, ἀλλ’ ὁρᾷ ἐκ τοῦ δυνατοῦ ὁρᾶν αὐτῷ εὐθύς. §5.25Ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ζῴων ὁτιοῦν οὐδὲν δυσχεραίνει τῶν καθ’ αὑτὰ δυσωδῶν τὴν ὀσμήν, ἂν μή τι τύχῃ φθαρτικὸν ὄν.
Therefore, one might raise a puzzle as to by what they perceive odor, if indeed smelling occurs in one way only, namely by breathing; for this appears to happen to all that breathe, whereas none of those animals breathes, yet they do perceive, unless indeed there is some other sense besides the five. But this is impossible; for smelling is of the object of smell, and they perceive this, though perhaps not in the same way, but while in those that breathe the breath removes what lies upon it like a lid (wherefore they do not perceive when not breathing), in those that do not breathe this has been removed, just as in the case of eyes, some animals have eyelids, which when not uncovered cannot see, whereas hard-eyed animals do not have them, wherefore they have no need of anything to uncover them, but see immediately by what is capable of seeing in them. Similarly, none of the other animals is distressed by the odor of things that are offensive in themselves, unless it happens to be destructive.
Ὑπὸ τούτων δ’ ὁμοίως φθείρεται καθάπερ καὶ οἱ ἄνθρωποι ὑπὸ τῆς τῶν ἀνθράκων ἀτμίδος καρηβαροῦσι καὶ φθείρονται πολλάκις· οὕτως ὑπὸ τῆς τοῦ θείου δυνάμεως καὶ τῶν ἀσφαλτωδῶν φθείρεται τἆλλα ζῷα, καὶ φεύγει διὰ τὸ πάθος. §5.26Αὐτῆς δὲ καθ’ αὑτὴν τῆς δυσωδίας οὐδὲν φροντίζουσιν, καίτοι πολλὰ τῶν φυομένων δυσώδεις ἔχει τὰς ὀσμάς, ἐὰν μή τι συμβάλληται πρὸς τὴν γεῦσιν ἢ τὴν ἐδωδὴν αὐτοῖς. §5.27Ἔοικε δ’ ἡ αἴσθησις ἡ τοῦ ὀσφραίνεσθαι περιττῶν οὐσῶν τῶν αἰσθήσεων καὶ τοῦ ἀριθμοῦ ἔχοντος μέσον τοῦ περιττοῦ καὶ αὐτὴ μέση εἶναι τῶν τε ἁπτικῶν, οἷον ἁφῆς καὶ γεύσεως καὶ τῶν δι’ ἄλλου αἰσθητικῶν, οἷον ὄψεως καὶ ἀκοῆς.
But by these they are destroyed in the same way as humans get a headache and are often destroyed by the vapor of charcoal; so by the power of sulfur and asphaltic substances other animals are destroyed and flee because of the affection. But they care nothing for bad odor itself in itself, although many of growing things have offensive odors, unless they contribute something to their taste or food. And the sense of smell, since the senses are odd in number, and the odd number has a middle, seems itself to be a middle between the tactile senses, such as touch and taste, and those that perceive through something else, such as sight and hearing. Wherefore the object of smell is an affection both of the nutritive elements (and these belong to the tactile class) and of the audible and the visible, which is why they smell both in air and in water.
§5.28Διὸ καὶ τὸ ὀσφραντὸν τῶν θρεπτικῶν ἐστὶ πάθος τι (ταῦτα δ’ ἐν τῷ ἁπτῷ γένει), καὶ τοῦ ἀκουστοῦ δὲ καὶ τοῦ ὁρατοῦ, διὸ καὶ ἐν ἀέρι καὶ ἐν ὕδατι ὀσμῶνται. Ὤστ’ ἐστὶ τὸ ὀσφραντὸν κοινόν τι τούτων ἀμφοτέρων, ὃ καὶ τῷ ἁπτῷ ὑπάρχει καὶ τῷ ἀκουστῷ καὶ τῷ διαφανεῖ· διὸ εὐλόγως παρείκασται ξηρότητος ἐν ὑγρῷ καὶ χυτῷ οἷον βαφή τις εἶναι καὶ πλύσις. §5.29Πῶς μὲν οὖν εἴδη δεῖ λέγειν καὶ πῶς οὐ δεῖ τοῦ ὀσφραντοῦ, ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον εἰρήσθω.
Thus, the object of smell is something common to both of these, belonging both to the tangible and to the audible and the transparent; hence it is reasonably compared to a kind of dyeing and washing of dryness in the moist and fluid. In what way, then, we should speak of the species of the object of smell, and in what way we should not, let this much be said.
Ὃ δὲ λέγουσί τινες τῶν Πυθαγορείων, οὐκ ἔστιν εὔλογον· τρέφεσθαι γάρ φασιν ἔνια ζῷα ταῖς ὀσμαῖς. §5.30Πρῶτον μὲν γὰρ ὁρῶμεν ὅτι τὴν τροφὴν δεῖ εἶναι σύνθετον· καὶ γὰρ τὰ τρεφόμενα οὐχ ἁπλᾶ ἐστίν, διὸ καὶ περιττώματα γίνεται τῆς τροφῆς, ἢ ἐν αὐτοῖς ἢ ἔξω, ὥσπερ τοῖς φυτοῖς.
But what some of the Pythagoreans say is not reasonable; for they claim that some animals are nourished by odors. For first, we see that food must be composite; for the things that are nourished are not simple either, which is why waste products of food arise, either inside them or outside, as in plants.
Ἔτι δ’ οὐδὲ τὸ ὕδωρ ἐθέλει αὐτὸ μόνον ἄμικτον ὂν τρέφειν· σωματῶδες γάρ τι δεῖ εἶναι τὸ συστησόμενον.
Furthermore, not even water by itself, being unmixed, is willing to nourish; for that which is to constitute the body must be something corporeal.
Ἔτι πολὺ ἧττον εὔλογον τὸν ἀέρα σωματοῦσθαι. §5.31Πρὸς δὲ τούτοις, ὅτι πᾶσίν ἐστι τοῖς ζῴοις τόπος δεκτικὸς τῆς τροφῆς, ἐξ οὗ ἕλκον λαμβάνει τὸ σῶμα· τοῦ δ’ ὀσφραντοῦ ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ τὸ αἰσθητήριον, καὶ μετὰ πνευματώδους εἰσέρχεται ἀναθυμιάσεως, ὥστ’ εἰς τὸν ἀναπνευστικὸν βαδίζοι ἂν τόπον. §5.32Ὅτι μὲν οὖν οὐ συμβάλλεται εἰς τροφὴν τὸ ὀσφραντόν, ᾗ ὀσφραντόν, δῆλον· ὅτι μέντοι εἰς ὑγίειαν, καὶ ἐκ τῆς αἰσθήσεως καὶ ἐκ τῶν εἰρημένων φανερόν, ὥστε ὅπερ ὁ χυμὸς ἐν τῷ θρεπτικῷ καὶ πρὸς τὰ τρεφόμενα, τοῦτ’ ἐστὶ πρὸς ὑγίειαν τὸ ὀσφραντόν.
Still much less reasonable is it that air should become corporeal. In addition to these, because all animals have a place receptive of food, from which the body draws and receives it; whereas the sensory organ of the object of smell is in the head, and it enters along with gaseous exhalation, so that it would go into the respiratory region. Therefore, it is clear that the object of smell does not contribute to food, in so far as it is an object of smell; however, that it contributes to health is clear both from perception and from what has been said, so that what taste is in the nutritive part and in relation to the things nourished, this the object of smell is in relation to health.
Καθ’ ἕκαστον μὲν οὖν αἰσθητήριον διωρίσθω τὸν τρόπον τοῦτον.
Thus, let each sensory organ be defined in this way.