§3.1Περὶ δὲ τῶν αἰσθητῶν τῶν καθ’ ἕκαστον αἰσθητήριον, οἷον λέγω χρώματος καὶ ψόφου καὶ ὀσμῆς καὶ χυμοῦ καὶ ἁφῆς, καθόλου μὲν εἴρηται ἐν τοῖς περὶ ψυχῆς, τί τὸ ἔργον αὐτῶν καὶ τί τὸ ἐνεργεῖν καθ’ ἕκαστον τῶν αἰσθητηρίων· τί δέ ποτε δεῖ λέγειν ὁτιοῦν αὐτῶν, οἷον τί χρῶμα ἢ τί ψόφον ἢ τί ὀσμὴν ἢ χυμόν, ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ περὶ ἁφῆς, ἐπισκεπτέον, καὶ πρῶτον περὶ χρώματος. §3.2Ἔστι μὲν οὖν ἕκαστον διχῶς λεγόμενον, τὸ μὲν ἐνεργείᾳ τὸ δὲ δυνάμει.
\nConcerning the sensible objects of each sense-organ, for instance, I mean color, sound, smell, taste, and touch, generally it has been discussed in On the Soul what their function is and what their activity is in each of the sense-organs; but what we ought to say each of them is, for instance, what color is, or what sound, or what smell, or taste, and likewise concerning touch, must be investigated, and first concerning color.\n\nNow, each is spoken of in two ways, one in activity, the other in potentiality.
Τὸ μὲν οὖν ἐνεργείᾳ χρῶμα καὶ ὁ ψόφος πῶς ἐστὶ τὸ αὐτὸ ἢ ἕτερον ταῖς κατ’ ἐνέργειαν αἰσθήσεσιν, οἷον ὁράσει καὶ ἀκούσει, εἴρηται ἐν τοῖς περὶ ψυχῆς· τί δὲ ἕκαστον αὐτῶν ὂν ποιήσει τὴν αἴσθησιν καὶ τὴν ἐνέργειαν, νῦν λέγωμεν. §3.3Ὥσπερ οὖν εἴρηται περὶ φωτὸς ἐν ἐκείνοις, ὅτι ἐστὶ χρῶμα τοῦ διαφανοῦς κατὰ συμβεβηκός· ὅταν γὰρ ἐνῇ τι πυρῶδες ἐν διαφανεῖ, ἡ μὲν παρουσία φῶς, ἡ δὲ στέρησίς ἐστι σκότος. §3.4Ὃ δὲ λέγομεν διαφανές, οὐκ ἔστιν ἴδιον ἀέρος ἢ ὕδατος οὐδ’ ἄλλου τῶν οὕτω λεγομένων σωμάτων, ἀλλά τίς ἐστι κοινὴ φύσις καὶ δύναμις, ἣ χωριστὴ μὲν οὐκ ἔστιν, ἐν τούτοις δ’ ἐστί, καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις σώμασιν ἐνυπάρχει, τοῖς μὲν μᾶλλον τοῖς δ’ ἧττον.
How color and sound in activity are the same as or different from the senses in activity, such as sight and hearing, has been discussed in On the Soul; but let us now state what each of them must be in order to produce sensation and activity.\n\nJust as, then, it has been said concerning light in those discussions, that it is accidentally the color of the transparent; for whenever something fiery is in the transparent, its presence is light, while its deprivation is darkness.\n\nBut what we call the transparent is not peculiar to air or water or any other of the bodies so described, but is a certain common nature and power, which is not separable, but exists in these, and is present also in other bodies, in some more and in others less.
Ὥσπερ οὖν καὶ τῶν σωμάτων ἀνάγκη τι εἶναι ἔσχατον, καὶ ταύτης. §3.5Ἡ μὲν οὖν τοῦ φωτὸς φύσις ἐν ἀορίστῳ τῷ διαφανεῖ ἐστίν· τοῦ δ’ ἐν τοῖς σώμασι διαφανοῦς τὸ ἔσχατον, ὅτι μὲν εἴη ἄν τι, δῆλον, ὅτι δὲ τοῦτ’ ἐστὶ τὸ χρῶμα, ἐκ τῶν συμβαινόντων φανερόν.
Therefore, just as there must be some limit of bodies, so also of this.\n\nSo the nature of light is in the indeterminate transparent; but as for the extremity of the transparent in bodies, that it would be something is clear, and that this is color is obvious from what happens.
Τὸ γὰρ χρῶμα ἢ ἐν τῷ πέρατί ἐστιν ἢ πέρας· διὸ καὶ οἱ Πυθαγόρειοι τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν χροιὰν ἐκάλουν. §3.6Ἔστι μὲν γὰρ ἐν τῷ τοῦ σώματος πέρατι, ἀλλ’ οὔ τι τὸ τοῦ σώματος πέρας, ἀλλὰ τὴν αὐτὴν φύσιν δεῖ νομίζειν, ἥπερ καὶ ἔξω χρωματίζεται, ταύτην καὶ ἐντός.
For color is either at the limit or is the limit; and therefore the Pythagoreans called the surface "color".\n\nFor it is at the limit of the body, but is not simply the limit of the body, but we must think that this same nature, which is colored on the outside, is colored inside as well.
Φαίνεται δὲ καὶ ἀὴρ καὶ ὕδωρ χρωματιζόμενα· καὶ γὰρ ἡ αὐγὴ τοιοῦτόν ἐστιν. §3.7Ἀλλ’ ἐκεῖ μὲν διὰ τὸ ἐν ἀορίστῳ οὐ τὴν αὐτὴν ἐγγύθεν καὶ προσιοῦσι καὶ πόρρωθεν ἔχει χροιὰν οὔθ’ ὁ ἀὴρ οὔθ’ ἡ θάλαττα· ἐν δὲ τοῖς σώμασιν ἐὰν μὴ τὸ περιέχον ποιῇ τὸ μεταβάλλειν, ὥρισται καὶ ἡ φαντασία τῆς χρόας.
And both air and water appear colored; for the gleam is of this kind.\n\nBut in those cases, because it is in the indeterminate, neither the air nor the sea has the same color close up, to those who approach, and from a distance; whereas in bodies, unless the surrounding medium causes a change, the appearance of the color is also determinate.
Δῆλον ἄρα ὅτι τὸ αὐτὸ κἀκεῖ κἀνθάδε δεκτικὸν τῆς χρόας ἐστίν. §3.8Τὸ ἄρα διαφανὲς καθ’ ὅσον ὑπάρχει ἐν τοῖς σώμασιν (ὑπάρχει δὲ μᾶλλον καὶ ἧττον ἐν πᾶσι) χρώματος ποιεῖ μετέχειν.
It is clear, then, that the same thing both there and here is receptive of color.\n\nTherefore, the transparent, insofar as it is present in bodies (and it is present more or less in all), causes them to participate in color.
Ἐπεὶ δ’ ἐν πέρατι ἡ χρόα, τούτου ἂν ἐν πέρατι εἴη.
And since color is at the limit, it would be at the limit of this.
Ὥστε χρῶμα ἂν εἴη τὸ τοῦ διαφανοῦς ἐν σώματι ὡρισμένῳ πέρας. §3.9Καὶ αὐτῶν δὲ τῶν διαφανῶν, οἷον ὕδατος καὶ εἴ τι ἄλλο τοιοῦτον, καὶ ὅσοις φαίνεται χρῶμα ἴδιον ὑπάρχειν κατὰ τὸ ἔσχατον, ὁμοίως πᾶσιν ὑπάρχει.
So color would be the limit of the transparent in a determinate body.\n\nAnd as for the transparent things themselves, such as water and anything else of this kind, and all those to which a peculiar color appears to belong at the extremity, it belongs to all of them in the same way.
Ἔστι μὲν οὖν ἐνεῖναι ἐν τῷ διαφανεῖ τοῦθ’ ὅπερ καὶ ἐν τῷ ἀέρι ποιεῖ φῶς, ἔστι δὲ μή, ἀλλ’ ἐστερῆσθαι.
Now, it is possible for that which produces light in the air to be in the transparent, and it is also possible for it not to be, but to be deprived.
Ὥσπερ οὖν ἐκεῖ τὸ μὲν φῶς τὸ δὲ σκότος. οὕτως ἐν τοῖς σώμασιν ἐγγίνεται τὸ λευκὸν καὶ τὸ μέλαν. §3.10Περὶ δὲ τῶν ἄλλων χρωμάτων ἤδη διελομένους ποσαχῶς ἐνδέχεται γίγνεσθαι λεκτέον.
Just as, then, there one is light and the other is darkness, so in bodies white and black arise.\n\nConcerning the other colors, we must speak after having distinguished in how many ways they can come to be.
Ἐνδέχεται μὲν γὰρ παρ’ ἄλληλα τιθέμενα τὸ λευκὸν καὶ τὸ μέλαν, ὥσθ’ ἑκάτερον μὲν εἶναι ἀόρατον διὰ σμικρότητα, τὸ δ’ ἐξ ἀμφοῖν ὁρατὸν οὕτω γίνεσθαι. §3.11Τοῦτο γὰρ οὔτε λευκὸν οἷόν τε φαίνεσθαι οὔτε μέλαν· ἐπεὶ δ’ ἀνάγκη μέν τι ἔχειν χρῶμα, τούτων δ’ οὐδέτερον δυνατόν, ἀνάγκη μικτόν τι εἶναι καὶ εἶδός τι χρόας ἕτερον.
For it is possible that, when white and black are placed alongside each other, each of them is invisible because of its smallness, but that which is composed of both becomes visible in this way.\n\nFor this can appear neither white nor black; but since it must have some color, and neither of these is possible, it must be something mixed and another kind of color.