§1.1ἘΠΕΙ δὲ περὶ ψυχῆς καθ’ αὑτὴν διώρισται καὶ περὶ τῶν δυνάμεων ἑκάστης κατὰ μόριον αὐτῆς, ἐχόμενον ἐστι ποιήσασθαι τὴν ἐπίσκεψιν περὶ τῶν ζῴων καὶ τῶν ζωὴν ἐχόντων ἁπάντων, τίνες εἰσὶν ἴδιαι καὶ τίνες κοιναὶ πράξεις αὐτῶν.
Since we have already defined the soul in itself, and each of its powers according to its parts, the next step is to make an inquiry concerning animals and all living things, as to what their peculiar and what their common activities are.
Τὰ μὲν οὖν εἰρημένα περὶ ψυχῆς ὑποκείσθω, περὶ δὲ τῶν λοιπῶν λέγωμεν, καὶ πρῶτον περὶ τῶν πρώτων. §1.2Φαίνεται δὲ τὰ μέγιστα, καὶ τὰ κοινὰ καὶ τὰ ἴδια τῶν ζῴων, κοινὰ τῆς ψυχῆς ὄντα καὶ τοῦ σώματος, οἷον αἴσθησις καὶ μνήμη καὶ θυμὸς καὶ ἐπιθυμία καὶ ὅλως ὄρεξις, καὶ πρὸς τούτοις ἡδονή τε καὶ λύπη· καὶ γὰρ ταῦτα σχεδὸν ὑπάρχει πᾶσι τοῖς ζῴοις. §1.3Πρὸς δὲ τούτοις τὰ μὲν πάντων ἐστὶ τῶν μετεχόντων ζωῆς κοινά, τὰ δὲ τῶν ζῴων ἐνίοις.
Let what has been said about the soul be assumed, and let us speak of the rest, and first of the first things.\n Now it appears that the most important features of animals, both common and peculiar, are common to both soul and body, such as sensation, memory, passion, desire, and appetite in general, and in addition to these, pleasure and pain; for these belong to almost all animals.\n In addition to these, some are common to all things that share in life, while others are common only to some of the animals.
Τυγχάνουσι δὲ τούτων τὰ μέγιστα τέτταρες οὖσαι συζυγίαι τὸν ἀριθμόν, οἷον ἐγρήγορσις καὶ ὕπνος, καὶ νεότης καὶ γῆρας, καὶ ἀναπνοὴ καὶ ἐκπνοή, καὶ ζωὴ καὶ θάνατος· περὶ ὧν θεωρητέον, τί τε ἕκαστον αὐτῶν, καὶ διὰ τίνας αἰτίας συμβαίνει. §1.4Φυσικοῦ δὲ καὶ περὶ ὑγιείας καὶ νόσου τὰς πρώτας ἰδεῖν ἀρχάς· οὔτε γὰρ ὑγίειαν οὔτε νόσον οἷόν τε γίνεσθαι τοῖς ἐστερημένοις ζωῆς.
The most important of these happen to be four pairs in number, namely, waking and sleep, youth and old age, inhalation and exhalation, and life and death; concerning which we must consider what each of them is, and through what causes they occur.\n It is also the task of the natural philosopher to see the first principles of health and disease; for neither health nor disease can occur in those things that are deprived of life.
Διὸ σχεδὸν τῶν τε περὶ φύσεως οἱ πλεῖστοι καὶ τῶν ἰατρῶν οἱ φιλοσοφωτέρως τὴν τέχνην μετιόντες, οἱ μὲν τελευτῶσιν εἰς τὰ περὶ ἰατρικῆς, οἱ δ’ ἐκ τῶν περὶ φύσεως ἄρχονται περὶ τῆς ἰατρικῆς. §1.5Ὅτι δὲ τὰ λεχθέντα κοινὰ τῆς τε ψυχῆς ἐστὶ καὶ τοῦ σώματος, οὐκ ἄδηλον.
Hence almost all of those who study nature, and those physicians who pursue their art in a more philosophical manner—the former end their study of nature with the things of medicine, while the latter begin their study of medicine from the things of nature.\n That the aforementioned characteristics are common to both soul and body is not unclear.
Πάντα γὰρ τὰ μὲν μετ’ αἰσθήσεως συμβαίνει, τὰ δὲ δι’ αἰσθήσεως· ἔνια δὲ τὰ μὲν πάθη ταύτης ὄντα τυγχάνει, τὰ δ’ ἕξεις, τὰ δὲ φυλακαὶ καὶ σωτηρίαι, τὰ δὲ φθοραὶ καὶ στερήσεις.
For some of them occur with sensation, others through sensation; and some happen to be affections of sensation, others states, others safeguards and preservations, and others destructions and privations.
Ἡ δ’ αἴσθησις ὅτι διὰ σώματος γίνεται τῇ ψυχῇ, δῆλον καὶ διὰ τοῦ λόγου καὶ τοῦ λόγου χωρίς. §1.6Ἀλλὰ περὶ μὲν αἰσθήσεως καὶ τοῦ αἰσθάνεσθαι, τί ἐστι καὶ διὰ τί συμβαίνει τοῖς ζῴοις τοῦτο τὸ πάθος, εἴρηται πρότερον ἐν τοῖς περὶ ψυχῆς.
That sensation occurs to the soul through the body is clear both through argument and apart from argument.\n But concerning sensation and the act of sensing, what it is and why this affection occurs to animals, has been said before in the treatise on the soul.
Τοῖς δὲ ζῴοις, ᾗ μὲν ζῷον ἕκαστον, ἀνάγκη ὑπάρχειν αἴσθησιν· τούτῳ γὰρ τὸ ζῷον εἶναι καὶ μὴ ζῷον διορίζομεν. §1.7Ἰδίᾳ δ’ ἤδη καθ’ ἕκαστον ἡ μὲν ἁφὴ καὶ γεῦσις ἀκολουθεῖ πᾶσιν ἐξ ἀνάγκης, ἡ μὲν ἁφὴ διὰ τὴν εἰρημένην αἰτίαν ἐν τοῖς περὶ ψυχῆς, ἡ δὲ γεῦσις διὰ τὴν τροφήν· τὸ γὰρ ἡδὺ διακρίνει καὶ τὸ λυπηρὸν αὕτη περὶ τὴν τροφήν, ὥστε τὸ μὲν φεύγειν τὸ δὲ διώκειν, καὶ ὅλως ὁ χυμός ἐστι τοῦ θρεπτικοῦ μορίου πάθος. §1.8Αἱ δὲ διὰ τῶν ἔξωθεν αἰσθήσεις τοῖς πορευτικοῖς αὐτῶν, οἷον ὄσφρησις καὶ ἀκοὴ καὶ ὄψις, πᾶσι μὲν τοῖς ἔχουσι σωτηρίας ἕνεκεν ὑπάρχουσιν, ὅπως διώκωσί τε προαισθανόμενα τὴν τροφὴν καὶ τὰ φαῦλα καὶ τὰ φθαρτικὰ φεύγωσι, τοῖς δὲ καὶ φρονήσεως τυγχάνουσι τοῦ εὖ ἕνεκα· πολλὰς γὰρ εἰσαγγέλλουσι διαφοράς, ἐξ ὧν ἥ τε τῶν νοητῶν ἐγγίνεται φρόνησις καὶ ἡ τῶν πρακτῶν. §1.9Αὐτῶν δὲ τούτων πρὸς μὲν τὰ ἀναγκαῖα κρείττων ἡ ὄψις καὶ καθ’ αὑτήν, πρὸς δὲ νοῦν καὶ κατὰ συμβεβηκὸς ἡ ἀκοή. §1.10Διαφορὰς μὲν γὰρ πολλὰς εἰσαγγέλλει καὶ παντοδαπὰς ἡ τῆς ὄψεως δύναμις διὰ τὸ πάντα τὰ σώματα μετέχειν χρώματος, ὥστε καὶ τὰ κοινὰ διὰ ταύτης αἰσθάνεσθαι μάλιστα (λέγω δὲ κοινὰ σχῆμα, μέγεθος, κίνησιν, ἀριθμόν)· ἡ δ’ ἁκοὴ τὰ τοῦ ψόφου διαφορὰς μόνον, ὀλίγοις δὲ καὶ τὰς τῆς φωνῆς. §1.11Κατὰ συμβεβηκὸς δὲ πρὸς φρόνησιν ἡ ἀκοὴ πλεῖστον συμβάλλεται μέρος.
But for animals, insofar as each is an animal, it is necessary that sensation belong to them; for by this we define being an animal and not being an animal.\n Individually, touch and taste follow of necessity in all animals: touch for the reason mentioned in the treatise on the soul, and taste for the sake of nourishment; for taste distinguishes the pleasant and the painful in food, so as to avoid the one and pursue the other, and in general flavor is an affection of the nutritive part.\n The senses operating through external media, such as smell, hearing, and sight, belong to those animals that are capable of locomotion; they belong to all that have them for the sake of survival, so that they may pursue nourishment having perceived it beforehand, and avoid bad and destructive things; but to those that also possess intelligence, they belong for the sake of well-being; for they report many differences, from which both the understanding of intellectual things and that of practical things arise.\n Of these themselves, with respect to the necessities of life, sight is superior and in itself, but with respect to the intellect, hearing is superior and by accident.\n For the power of sight reports many and various differences because all bodies share in color, so that the common sensibles are perceived especially through this (by common I mean shape, size, motion, number); whereas hearing reports only the differences of sound, and, in a few animals, those of voice as well.\n By accident, however, hearing contributes the greatest share to intelligence.
Ὁ γὰρ λόγος αἴτιός ἐστι τῆς μαθήσεως ἀκουστὸς ὤν, οὐ καθ’ αὑτὸν ἀλλὰ κατὰ συμβεβηκός· ἐξ ὀνομάτων γὰρ σύγκειται, τῶν δ’ ὀνομάτων ἕκαστον σύμβολόν ἐστιν. §1.12Διόπερ φρονιμώτεροι τῶν ἐκ γενετῆς ἐστερημένων εἰσὶν ἑκατέρας τῆς αἰσθήσεως οἱ τυφλοὶ τῶν ἐνεῶν καὶ κωφῶν.
For speech is the cause of learning by being audible, not in itself but by accident; for it is composed of words, and each word is a symbol.\n Therefore, of those deprived from birth of either sense, the blind are more intelligent than the mute and deaf.
Περὶ μὲν οὖν τῆς δυνάμεως ἣν ἔχει τῶν αἰσθήσεων ἑκάστη, πρότερον εἴρηται.
Concerning the power which each of the senses has, it has been said before.